தொகுதி - 6, சிறப்பிதழ் - 2, ஜூன் 2024
Volume - 6 Special Issue - 2, June 2024
Articles 01- 22
பதிப்புரை
தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியத்திற்காக எமது தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியப் பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் (Ijtlls) தம் இலக்கிய மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி அரும்பணியைச் செம்மையாகச் செய்து வருகின்றது. யு.ஜி.சி. கேர் (UGC CARE), எம்.எல்.ஏ (MLA) மற்றும் டி.ஓ.ஏ.ஜே (DOAJ) போன்ற ஆய்வுத் தளங்களில் மதிப்பீடு செய்யப்பட்ட எமது ஆய்விதழில் கௌரவ சிறப்பிதழ் ஆசிரியர்களாகப் பணியாற்றிட தன்னார்வம் கொண்ட பேராசிரியர்களுக்கு வாய்ப்பளிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. மேலும், இச்சிறப்பிதழில் பெருமைமிகு பல்கலைக்கழகங்கள், கல்லூரிகள் மற்றும் ஆய்விதழ்களில் இருந்து பங்கு கொண்ட பேராசிரியர்கள் சிறந்த கட்டுரைகளை வழங்கியமைக்கு நன்றியைத் தெரிவித்துக் கொள்கிறேன். தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தில் மானுட விழுமியங்கள் சமூகத்திற்கு வழிகாட்டும் கொள்கைகளாகச் செயல்படுகின்றன. கடமை, அன்பு, நட்பு மற்றும் நீதி போன்ற கருப்பொருள்களைத் தமிழ் எழுத்தாளர்கள் இலக்கிய உலகுக்கு அளித்து உள்ளனர். மானுட விழுமியங்கள் அர்த்தமுள்ள வாழ்க்கை வாழ்வதன் முக்கியத்துவத்தைப் பற்றி எடுத்துரைக்கிறது. மானுட விழுமியங்களைக் கொண்டு அன்றாடம் நாம் சந்தித்து வரும் மானுடம் சார்ந்த பிரச்சினையைத் தீர்க்கும் வழிமுறைகளைக் காண்பது இச்சிறப்பிதழின் முக்கிய அம்சமாகும். எனவே, தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தில் மானுட விழுமியங்கள் (Human Values in Tamil Literature) எனும் தலைப்பிலான காணொளி கருத்தரங்கம் முன்னெடுக்கப்பட்டு, பேராசிரியர்கள், ஆய்வு மாணவர்கள் மற்றும் தமிழ் ஆர்வலர்களின் சிந்தனைகளின் வழி தமிழ் இலக்கியம், மானுட விழுமியப் பதிவுகள் மற்றும் மானுட விழுமியக் கோட்பாடுகள் சார்ந்த ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகள் பெறப்பட்டுள்ளன. தலைசிறந்த பல்கலைக்கழகங்கள், கல்லூரிகள் மற்றும் ஆய்விதழ்களில் தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியம் சிறக்கப் பணியாற்றக்கூடிய பேராசிரியர்கள், ஆய்வு மாணவர்களின் சிந்தனைகளின் வழி பெற்ற தரமான இருபத்து இரண்டு ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகளைத் தொகுத்து ஆய்வு நெறிமுறைகளின்படி தணிக்கைச் செய்யப்பட்டு, மதிப்புரை வழங்கி, செம்மைப்படுத்தி இணையத்தில் எமது ஆய்விதழ் வாயிலாகச் சிறப்பிதழாகப் பதிப்பித்தமைக்கு அகமகிழ்வடைகிறேன். ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகள் வழங்கி சிறப்பித்தத் தமிழ்ப்பேராசிரியர்கள், எழுத்தாளர்கள், தமிழ் ஆர்வலர்கள் மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி மாணவர்களை மனதாரப் பாராட்டுகிறோம். தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியப் பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் / International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies செம்மையாய் செயல்பட்டு ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரைகளை இணையத்தில் பதிப்பு செய்து வருகின்றது. எதிர்காலத்தில் தமிழ் ஆராய்ச்சிகளை உலக அரங்கத்திற்கு எடுத்துச் செல்ல ஓர் ஆய்வுக்களமாகவும் செயல்பட்டு வருகிறது. அதற்கு உறுதுணை அளித்த அனைவருக்கும் நன்றி.
பதிப்பாசிரியர்
1. புறநானூறு காட்டும் வாழ்வியல் விழுமியங்கள்
முனைவர் க. அமலா கார்த்திகா
Values of Life Portrayed in Purananooru
Dr. G. Amala Karthiga
Abstract
Purananooru is the literature composed of songs that not only focus on heroism but also include the values of people's lives in the Puram (external life) literature of the Sangam period. These are also known as heroic songs. Purananooru is a collection of songs written by many great Tamil scholars, learned elders and Tamil kings who were gifted with archery and rhetoric eloquence. The noble formation of human thoughts, ideas, beliefs and activities of life are called human values. In Tamil culture, Values can be divided into two categories. They are divided into individual values and cultural values. Several Purananooru songs praise and foster individual values and remind the people of the importance of cultural values. It is feasible that the values in Tamil society are observed through various forms such as oral stories, proverbs, religious festivals and the moral sayings of elders from time to time. Similarly, values in the form of literature continue to maintain their impact on Tamil society and act as a driving force to uplift the society. In such a manner, “Thirukkural” a didactic treatise encapsulates the morals of life in couplets and it is a portrayal of the Tamil community also. Children's literature like “Aathichoodi” and “Konraivendan” gives lofty ideas and moral qualities to the children. An array of life values are found in “Purananooru”, a notable part of literature from Sangam Purathinaiyal. Hence, the purpose of this article is to scrutinize the values of life found in Purananooru.
Keywords: Tamil Culture, Value, Life, Purananooru.
2. கொ. மா. கோதண்டம் நாவல்களில் நல்லொழுக்க விழுமியங்கள்
ம. ஆன்றிஷா & முனைவர் ஜோ. பென்னி
Moral Values in the Novels of Ko.Ma.Kothandam
M. Antisha & Dr. J. Benny
Abstract
Human values are created based on human thought, opinion and life beliefs oriented to society. Literature that belongs to any country is the output of the people's experience in their lives. Most literature speaks of moral values and the crisis happened due to the lack of morals. When examining such a sort of literature one can learn many subtle concepts that evince the significance of moral life. At present, modern literary records teach such values to bring reformation. Tamil literature is a treasure of human values that rejuvenate the soul of men. It is a literature of eco-friendly nature and it is the vital moral that a society should have. Paliyar people live in the Kurunji land. When the Kurunji flower blossoms, there is a delicate smell of nectar spread throughout the land. The Paliyar honey collectors celebrate nature and while collecting honey they do not kill the bees but chew the leaves and blow them into the hive to collect the honey. The tea plantation workers at Puthumalai (new mountain) perform poojas to the tea plant before plucking the tea plant and sings Polipattu in praise of them. In Ko.Ma.Kothandam’s novel, A teacher employed to educate the villagers encourages them to take up agriculture. On realizing the enslavement of the victims, the writer brought it to the attention of the government and made it possible for them to get welfare assistance. The teacher who went to educate the people tended them to be clean. Although the Paliyar live without necessities, they are good in hospitality. Women are given the freedom to choose their husbands in marriage. The Paliyar people living in the surrounding villages take part in the death of a person.
Keywords: Moral Value, Kurunji flower, Ko.Ma.Kothandam, Paliyars, Poli Song, Culture.
3. புறநானூற்றில் நட்பு
முனைவர் பொ. இரவீந்திரன்
Friendship in Purananoor
Dr. P. Ravindaran
Abstract
Friendship is a virtue that appears on a mutual understanding without any limits like high status, low status, male, female, age, language, race or country. Having good friends in life is a great blessing. Friendship is not only to make a smile but also to make friends with a genuine inner blossoming. In Tamil literature, the Chera, the Chola and the Pandyas who ruled Tamil Nadu were friendly with their people even though they were fighting among themselves. King Kopperuncholan and the poet Pisiranthaiyar were close friends and lost their lives together without seeing each other directly. When one has a friendship with one who commits a mistake, the friend should talk to correct the mistake. This act marks true friendship. Pothiyar was a friend of Kopperunchola who went to the place where Cholan died and fasted and asked for a place to die. Auvai’s friendship with Athiyaman stopped the huge war between Athiyaman and Thondaiman and made them friends. So, anything is possible for true friendship. Kambar has best described the importance of friendship with the statement that we become five through Rama indicating the helmsman Guhan. Keerathanar grieved over Perumsathan's death by asking why the Mullai Malar had blossomed in the Ollaiyur country. Keerathana’s friendship can be seen here. After Pari's death, poet Kapilar raised and arranged marriage to his two daughters. On having Pari's friendship in heart, he wanted to share his life in the afterlife and immersed himself in fire. Pari and Kapilar's friendship is eternal. Paranar sensed the grief of King Began’s wife Kannagi after their separation and he came to Began explaining that he did not come to ask for any gift but rather asked him to live together with his wife. One can see such noble friendships through Sangam literature. Auvai says that instead of making a false friendship, one should make friends based on the good qualities of a person. “Purananooru” depicts the friendship of Pandyan Palyaga Salai Muthukudumi Peruvaluthi and Netimaiyar. In the Sangam literature, the friendship of Thalaivi and Thozhi is exemplary. Thozhi's role is immense in bringing the love of Thalaivan and Thozhi to the level of marriage.
Keywords: Friendship, Kopperunjolan - Pisiranthaiyar, Pandyan Palyaga Salai Muthukudumi Peruvaluthi - Netimaiyar, Pari - Kapilar, Began - Paranar, Thalaivi - Thozhi.
4. வீரன் அழகாதேவன் நினைவோடு ஏறுதழுவுதல்
முனைவர் ஆ. பா. இராமலெட்சுமி
Taming the Bull with the Memory of Maveeran Alagadevan
Dr. A. P. Ramalekshmi
Abstract
Yeru Thazhuvuthal (Taming of Bull) is a heroic game that celebrates the valour and love of our Tamil ancestors. In Tamil culture, bulls are not only associated with life and used for ploughing but are also worshipped as deities. Tamil ancestors have created a day of celebration to revere the help rendered by the bull in their lives and agriculture. They enjoyed the ceremony exclusively for bulls. It shows the cherished state and heritage from time to time about the valour and heritage of Tamil culture. The heroic game ‘Taming of the Bull’ is still performed as an archetypal symbol of Tamils at the beginning of the Thai month (January) every year as the Pongal festival revering nature and other beings. It is considered as the ancient symbol of the Tamils which is still performed today. Even if a bull-taming hero dies or loses, he is praised as a hero. The dead hero has been worshipped by placing a 'Nadukal' (hero stone). From the Sangam period to the contemporary period, Tamils lived with the traditions of Tamil culture, ethnic identity, culture, tradition, way of life, nature, animals, faith, ritual and worship. Hence, the article unfolds the facts related to the bull-taming ceremony celebrated in memory of Maveeran Alagadevan.
Keywords: Bull Taming, Hero, Hero Stone, Maveeran Alagadevan.
5. முல்லைப்பாட்டில் அகப்பொருட்கூறுகளும் கலைச்சொல்லாக்க முறைகளும்
முனைவர் க. உமாராணி
Elements of Agam and Art of Vocabulary in Mullaipaattu
Dr. K. Umarani
Abstract
From the Tholkappiyam period to the Keeladi excavations, the evidences highlight the antiquity, pride and prosperity of the Tamil language that reverberates as proof that Tamil is a timeless language. The principles of the Agam (internal life) tradition cherished in ancient Tamil society are forever cherished and present now. Among the Sangam literature of the Sangam period, “Pattupattu” has been very significant. Even after many centuries, the existence of Tamil classical literature creates new fields of study and remains evident as proof of the literary richness of Tamil. Tamil literature has been recording the inner life (Agam) from the “Iraiyanaar Agapporul” to contemporary Tamil literature. Literature has been teaching the values that human society should follow morals in life to avoid potential threats to an individual and society. Tamil Scholars have been emphasizing cultural facts, heritage and morals for people to live well and attain fulfilment in human life with the help of the virtues that give peace and harmony. “Mullaipattu” is the fifth book in the “Patupattu” series and has 103 lines. This book was composed by Napboodhanar and is also known as “Nenjaartuppadai”. Mullaipattu depicts the hero (Thalaivan) and the beloved (Thalaivi) and the situation in which the beloved (Thalaivi) suffers when their internal union has been divided. It speaks about the valour of the hero and the courage of the leader. Thus, this article examines the contents and the principles of artistic expression contained in the beginning.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Elements, Agam, Art, Vocabulary, Mullaipaattu.
6. சங்கப் புறப்பாடல்களில் போரின் நிலைப்பாடுகளும் சூழல் மானுடவியலும்
இரா. கற்பகவள்ளி & முனைவர் மு. கவிதா
State of War and Environmental Anthropology in Sangam Puram Songs
R. Karpagavalli & Dr. M. Kavitha
Abstract
Our Tamil language is one of the renowned languages in the world. Sangam literature greatly contributes to the unique nature of Tamil language. The people of the Sangam era had great respect for nature and they worshipped them. They also have taught to protect nature. In Sangam Puram songs, there are many evidences of sayings that preserve nature. The word ‘Puram’ has been indicated in many places in Tholkapiyam and Sangam literature. In addition, the word ‘Puram’ (External) means foreign, nearness, back side of he body, foreign language and a certain period. The word external is also used to denote the opposite of the internal (Inner life) where the external (Outer life) provides the external object. Among them, the feelings of reward, bravery, grief, compassion, pride, etc. occur without the attachment of lust. Although the word ‘Puram’ is related to various senses, it mostly refers to chivalric heroism. As an illustration of eco-anthropological thinking, the nature of the five elements can be seen in these songs. Ecological thought has been seen in Tamil society more than 2000 years. The Tamils of the Sangam period used water as the primary resource in nature and they stored water meticulously. It is an great example of ecological thinking in the society. Similarly, Tamil kings have shown their enmity on enemies by setting fire to the town of the enemy king and destroying the guarding trees in the times of war. The purpose of this study is to examine the messages on environment and state of war in the Sangam period before and after the war.
Keywords: State of War, Environmental Anthropology, Sangam Puram Songs.
7. அம்பையின் 1984 வெளிப்படுத்தும் சமூக அவலங்களும் மீட்கப்பட வேண்டிய மானுட விழுமியங்களும்
வெ. சந்தியா & முனைவர் நா. சிவகுரு
Revelation of Social Evils in Ambai’s 1984 and Human Values to be Recovered
V. Sandhiya & Dr. N. Sivaguru
Abstract
In Tamil literature, the short story is the favourite genre loved by Tamil readers. Short stories convey the ideas instantly straight to the point. Short story writers use their imagination, experience and techniques to write short stories with an apt message for the individual or society. In Tamil Literature, Ambai has made her mark as a short story writer. In the short story “1984”, she details the sad experiences of the people who suffered the gory faces of riots and stammered rehabilitation. This story portrays the dangers of violence happening in our society in her works. The damage caused by riots and violence in our country India is immeasurable. The people in the affected areas begin to stabilize and when those who try to return to normal life, they suffer too much from the unrecoverable loss of lives and property and grieve the loss endlessly. Ambai portrayed the lives of the victim's life spent in loneliness and agonies in the short story “1984”. It reveals the gory impact of the massacre on individual lives by emphasizing the ideas of feminism through her short story. Ambai also brings the woes of our society before our eyes through this short story. The situation continues today because human virtues and values have disappeared from human minds. Therefore, it is very important to rejuvenate the human virtues among the people through the noble ideas from Tamil Literature to restore such values forever. Ambai’s short story “1984” is apt for investigation and limelight for the present times full of violence in a great democracy. Hence, this article examines the plight of the people of our Indian society and the values that need to be recovered to get rid of the worst situations in future.
Keywords: Ambai, Short Story, 1984, Violence, Riot, Human Values.
8. சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் இனவரைவியல்சார் குறிஞ்சிநில அமைவு
முனைவர் ரா. சரஸ்வதி
Ethnographical Settings of Kurinji Land in Sangam Literature
Dr. R. Saraswathy
Abstract
Sangam literature is the precursor of the ancient Tamil literature that has emerged over time. The literary treasures preserved by the Sangam should be subjected to a periodical study for their sustainability. Sangam literature has been written and sung by 473 poets. The songs composed by them are 2381. Even today, there are many studies done by the Tamil scholars. Through these songs, one can understand that there was rich status in the social culture, customs and the internal and the external lives of the Sangam people. From a new perspective, the nuanced characteristics of Sangam literature are revealed in the paper. It also depicts the Sangam literature, history and ancient science, along with Tamil culture. These views make it easier to examine the Sangam literature from a new angle. Sangam literature is the epitome of Tamil heritage and has a vital reason to investigate human values from the past. The living of the Sangam people is vividly recorded through the Sangam songs that consist of a valuable life full of virtues. Tamil Literature has a long history. Today, many fields like comparative literature, translation, anthropology, ethnography, sociology, and many other studies have taken priority in doing research with literature in an interdisciplinary manner. However, it seems that innovative approaches are necessary for preserving the sustainability of literature. Ethnography is one of the new fields that studies the scientific depiction of diverse races and cultures. Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neythal and Palai lands of the Tamil region are mentioned in the Sangam Literature. This paper investigates the ethnic groups that lived during the Sangam period. It deciphers the ethnographic elements that prioritize the topography, environment, flora, and fauna of the Kurinji land.
Keywords: Ethnographical Setting, Kurinji Land, Sangam Literature.
9. பழங்காலம் முதல் இக்காலம் வரை மானுட விழுமிய மேம்பாட்டில் கல்வியின் பங்கு
முனைவா் க.சித்ரா
Role of Education in Human Values Development from Ancient to the Contemporary Times
Dr. K. Chitra
Abstract
The meaning of the word "value" should be those high morals that make a man stand out from his fellow man. High morals (values) that enhance human worth can be transmitted from one generation to another through education. In ancient times, the education system was based on language, culture and arts. The society of that time benefited from the profession of poets who operated in the field of writing and literature. The Poets traveled to many places had a good understanding of human life and the nature of the world. The literary works of the poets are proof of that. The poets who are academics have used the resources available to them like Palm leaf, inscriptions etc for the transfer of knowledge. Although various values are derived from Ancient literature, two values in particular can be highlighted. Human integrity and rationality are values that should be cherished by the entire humanity of the world. Today's education system is vast compared to the ancient education system. In the development-oriented education system, on the one hand, the focus is on the fields of science and technology, but on the other hand, human resource development is also given importance. Physical education and yoga, mental resource education, life orientation and cultural education, language education are significant in this way. Today's management education provides training to develop skills including planning, risk-taking and proper attitude.
Keywords: VRole, Education, Human Values, Development, Ancient - Contemporary Times.
10. ஐங்குறுநூறு – குறிஞ்சித்திணையில் பண்பாடு சார்ந்த நிகழ்வுகள்
முனைவர் சு. தீபலட்சுமி
Ainkurunooru - Cultural Events in Kurinjithinai
Dr. S. Deepalakshmi
Abstract
There is no need for anyone to trace out with evidence how the ancient Tamil people lived because Sangam Literature has been a complete portrayal of Tamil culture and life. The Sangam period can be said to be a Golden period of Tamils. It is a mirror of life that shows how Tamil people lived in the past. One can understand how Tamil people lived with benevolent manners and culture both internally and externally. They always trust love and bravery as their two eyes. Tamil people lived in harmony with nature. The Agan songs of “Ainkurunooru” show the inner life of the hero and beloved (Thalaivan and Thalaivi) before our eyes. In the internal life (Agam Life), the friends, Thozhi (Beloved’s Maid) and the woman who brought up the Beloved (Sevili Thai) who support the leader are connected with the Tamil culture. In particular, Kurinjithinai shows glimpses of internal life more than any other thinais. Indeed, these Agam songs contain more cultural records. Sangam people gave immense importance to culture. They celebrated cultural events according to the individual's time. In ancient times, Sangam people used songs to record cultural events and life. They brought their neighbours to events like rituals and festivals and gave them peace of mind. They entertained the people of the society and gave importance to their relations at such events. Hence, the culture that emerged in that period is very popular among the people of today. Tamil people have realized culture and relationships could make a person a noble one. By keeping them in mind, they made every walk of life should benefit others from the happiness they received from others without changing their moral stance. Hence, this article is an attempt to study human values through the cultural events found in the Kurinjithinai of “Ainkurunooru”.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Tamil Culture, Ainkurunooru, Cultural Events, Kurinjithinai.
11. பொருநை நதிக்கரையினிலே புதினமும் சூழலியல் சார்ந்த மானுட விழுமியங்களும்
ப. நவசக்திவேல் & முனைவர் க. புவனேஸ்வரி
Ecological Human Values in the Novel Porunai Nathikkaraiyinile
B. Navasakthivel & Dr. K. Bhuvaneswari
Abstract
Human beings are the most intelligent creatures in the world. Mankind lived like animals in the beginning. They cultured their way of life through the experience and knowledge gained over time. Being born into this world and dying is still the natural activity of all living beings. In this short period of life, an ideal human being should follow the values and norms such as morals, virtues, etc. to live an excellent life and should avoid the life one wants. In today's scientific development and economy, we call the Western countries are developed but it is significant to know that the ancient Tamils were at the peak of language and science, literature, culture and spirituality while the West was lagging in human civilization. The Sangam literature of the Tamils is not only with the themes of love and valour but also the elements of noble thinking and impermanence. The humanist ideas found in the Sangam Literature are a treasure to the world. The books belong to Sangam Literature and the later works like “Thirukkural” and “Naladiyar” were written with the norms that depict human values as their focus. Today, 21st century life has become a race. The people are seen to have departed from morality, ethics and cultural traditions. There are various reasons for this, such as money, power, selfishness and greedy pleasures but the main factor behind all vices is the lack of human values. Today, such chaos exists permanently in all walks of life. Such problems are threatening the world today with ecological problems. Human mistakes are enormous and common in ecological problems while using natural resources. The contemporary Tamil Literature exhibits the deformation of ethical values in life. Porunai Nathikkaraiyinile is a Tamil novel that portrays how natural resources like land, water, air and the environment are affected. Apart from that, there are other social ills like inequality and poverty in society that hinder the lives of the people. Hence, this article examines how ecology and human values influence society and literature.
Keywords: Ecology, Human Values, Novel, Porunai Nathikkaraiyinile, Tamil Literature.
12. சித்தர் பாடல்களில் மானுட விழுமியங்கள்
முனைவர் ப. பிரதாப்
Human Values in Hymns of Tamil Siddhars
Dr. P. Prathap
Abstract
Siddhar literature is a high source of philosophy and spiritual excellence found in Tamil literature. The unique features of the Siddhar songs are that they stand unique apart from caste, religion, race, language and any barriers that hinder self-attainment. It aims only for the well-being of mankind. Siddhars are those who live ascetic life keeping them very close with Shiva in thought, voice and action. There are eighteen (Pathinen) Siddhars in Tamil siddha tradition. They lived by thinking the ‘Pathi’ of the Saiva Tradition. The word ‘Pathi’ means ‘Master’. Lord Shiva is considered as the master of the soul. This may be the reason for the later accumulation of the word of 'Pathinen Siddhars' (Eiighteen Siddars). Their holy hymns of the siddars embody many human values such as love for all living beings, grace, virtue, individual values, social values, social justice and equality. The Siddhas propagated the principles of humanity, unity and equality in the Tamil society. They did not accept the concept of Brahmana, Satriya, Vaisya and Shudra concepts of the Varnashrama system. Their affirmation on everyone who is born as a human being deserves respect and their loud propaganda is a testimony to the power of wisdom. Therefore, human values are the basic foundation af a well defined society. Tamil Siddhars had dealt with physical, psychic and spiritual values of life. Their poems helps to attain spiritual salvation through the practice of human values such as love, mercy, justice, personal dignity and other human values. Thus, this article explains such universal human values through the Siddhar songs.
Keywords: Human Values, Siddhar Literature, Tamil Siddhars, Social Justice, Universality.
13. ஈழத்துத்தமிழ்க் கவிதைகளில் இடம்பெறும் புலம்பெயர்ந்தோரின் தார்மீகப் போராட்டங்கள்
முனைவர்.வெ.பிரபாவதி
Moral Struggles of Immigrants in Tamil Eelam Poetry
Dr. V. Prabhavathi
Abstract
People who have migrated from their homeland to another country due to social and economic oppressions are called migrants. The literature written by them is called diasporic literature. Diasporic literature contains many problems and worst life experiences. Tamil literary world has such a sort of worst oppression and genocide that has never been faced before in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Many Tamil popes have registered the saddest movements of the victims and those who escaped and settled in a host country they entered as refugees. Thus, the ideas expressed in the literature of the migrants express their pathetic lives full of macabre reality without any fictitious insertion. To explain the modern trends emerging in diaspora-related Tamil works, a descriptive and comparative analysis has been made to compare the works of the Tamil diaspora with other Tamil works carried out already. Every day, new principles and modern platforms have been emerging in the field of Tamil literary criticism. The changes and developments in Tamil social history and literary history make such new platforms and principles inevitable for study. Migrant and Diasporic literature have been developed as unique genres in Tamil literature of the twenty-first century. The word ‘immigrants’ in Tamil literary context refers to the people who met with a genocidal exodus and migrated from Tamil Eelam and took refuge in many European countries. The migrant Tamils have been recording their lives in various literary forms such as poems, short stories and novels. Among them, their poems express the nostalgic pains of the migrant life of the Tamil People. Thus, this article analyses the sufferings of the Eelam migrants through the Eelam Tamil Poems.
Keywords: Eelam Tamils, Diasporic Literature, Eelam Poets, Pangs of Life.
14. புறநானூற்றில் பாணர் வாழ்வியல் விழுமியங்கள்
முனைவர் பீ. பெரியசாமி
Life Values of Panar in Purananooru
Dr. B. Periyaswamy
Abstract
Panars are great musicians seen in the Sangam literature. They sing and receive gifts from kings and philanthropists in the ancient times of Tamil Nadu. The lives of these musicians met with the brink of poverty due to the fall of the Tamil king’s regimes. They cannot lead a happy life unless they please others with songs and music. They have been forced to depend on others. With the advent of Jain-Buddhism, music was identified as a sensual factor and the life of musicians became questionable. Their situation was not the same as that of the period of devotional literature. It became much worse and due to this, the successors of Panars abandoned music and sought for other professions to satisfy their economic needs. As a result, various forms of music and musical instruments have been destroyed. The Panars went from town to town to relieve their poverty. They carried their musical instruments wherever they went as nomads. By their travel and out of starvation and shelter, they lost their lives and jobs. The musical instruments were also destroyed. One cannot find such harps used by them today. It is a disaster for the Tamil Panar community to know about their music. History has shown that in the beginning, the Panar community were friends with the king, companions of the leader (Thalaivan), and messengers but with the arrival of the Jain and Buddhist religions, they were unable to meet their economic standards and gave up their musical art and went to various professions to stabilize life. The Panars forgot their art due to poverty and failed to inform and practice their successors about the art. Hence, this paper traces the life values of the Panars with reference to “Purananooru”.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Thinai Literature, Purananooru, Panars, Musicians.
15. சங்ககால மக்களின் வாழ்வும் வாழ்வாதாரமும்
முனைவர் செ. மகேஸ்வரி
Life and Livelihood of Sangam People
Dr. S. Maheswari
Abstract
The people of the Tamil Sangam period lived amicably with the five forms of nature. They revered earth, water, air, fire and sky. All life and immovable objects in the world are formed by the combination of these five elements. The life of the Sangam people was based on the five elements. Land was primary to the Tamils and they divided the land into five types according to the land. The source of life was according to the five types of land environment, food, clothing, shelter and occupation of the people. According to this, Sangam people used their lifestyle oriented to the land and its values. The human values are also oriented to it. At that time, the country was fertile with nature. The people made their lives through the land and have peculiar human ethics. Kurinji Thinai, Mullai Thinai, Marutha Thinai, Neithal Thinai and Palai Thinai are the land categorized by the Tamil Sangam people. They discovered the next stages in life, food, clothing shelter etc. They dealt with various forms of production that suit their economy. Farming, dairy, hunting, forestry, honey, fish, conch, shells, oysters, pearls and so many forms of business that are oriented to the Thinais were practised by them. There are many indications that the livelihood of the Sangam people can be found in Sangam literary songs. In today's modern world, many valuable resources are portrayed from Sangam literature to rejuvenate life and livelihood. Hence, the primary purpose of the article is to demonstrate the life and livelihood of the Sangam Age people.
Keywords: Life, Livelihood, Tamil People, Tamil Heritage, Thinai, Sangam Era.
16. நற்றிணை முல்லைத்திணைப் பாடல்களில் இல்லறக் கருத்துகள்
முனைவர் ச. முத்துமாரி
Values of Domestic Life in the Mullai Thinai Songs of Natrinai
Dr. S. Muthumari
Abstract
“Natrinai” is one of the books in “Ettuthokai”. In the book, thirty songs speak of Mullai Thinai and its eminence. There are many ideas about life, ethics and virtues to be observed in the household and are recorded in the Mullaithinai songs of “Natrinai”. It praises of God in the song - 367 and about love in the songs - 42, 121, 381, patience in song - 51, smiling face - 81, Leader going to work - 394 (Thalaivan going abroad / afar), mourning for the departed leader - 97, 99, Beloved (Thalaivi), hospitality - 42, 81, 142, 121, 361, 367, 374, seeing apt time - 161- 169, Faith 289 - 316, attribution of talent has been identified in the 139th song. This study will study the selected songs from Mullai Thinai and render their inherent meaning. Indeed, there are many glimpses of Tamil heritage and life such as homeliness, shyness, patience, kindness, hospitality, reciprocity, seeing good intentions, justice, the condition of the beloved, separation from the leader, the period of the separation of the leader and faith to join the lover. These virtues and life ethics will help a society that is in utter chaos. They exemplify the noble way of life lived by the people of Mullai Thinai (Mullai Land/forest). These fundamental ideas are the foundation of the good life that the modern generation lacks. The research article analyses such valuable ideas from the Mullai Thinai songs from “Natrinai” may benefit society by inculcating good ideas from the past. To examine these songs, an apt descriptive study has been done to extract the life-oriented ethical norms from select songs.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Human Values, Domestic Life, Mullai Thinai Songs, Natrinai.
17. பாரதியாரின் பார்வையில் கருணை
பா. விக்னேஷ்குமார்
Mercy in the Stance of Bharathiyar
P. Vignesh Kumar
Abstract
The good character that confirms humanity is the outcome of human values. Human values regulate human life in every phase of life. These values are found in Tamil literature. Mercy is one of the significant virtues to be followed in Tamil culture. It is found predominant in ancient Tamil society and has now become very scarce day-by-day due to the advancement of modernity and human follies. This is because of two main factors i.e. love among humans is diminishing nowadays and everyone neglects to follow and practice the ethical human values taught by our ancestors. It is clear in the present times that a deeper and whole-hearted understanding of human values makes human beings to hold on human values or the law with its rules makes them follow them. Those who have with clear understanding of humanity and love for other beings show mercy and act responsibly in life. They add benevolence to society enriching human nature. By remembering the lives and teachings of our ancestors, Tamils can be more noble by following the true paths laid by their ancestors to attain peace and harmony. Bharathiyar is one of the noble poets in Tamil who holds on to human values and morals throughout his entire life. His poetry is a golden treasure of modest human values that have the power of reliance and harmony in the heart. While seeing his views of mercy, one can be astonished by the power of his thoughts and actions which reverberates in the heart and mind of the reader. Hence, this paper deals with how Bharathiyar portrays the various aspects of mercy in his writings.
Keywords: Human Values, Mercy, Tamil Culture, Society, Bharathiyar.
18. தொல்காப்பியத்துள் அன்பு
முனைவர் ந. இரஞ்சன்
Love in Tholkaappiyam
Dr. N. Ranjan
Abstract
“Tholkappiyam” is an ancient important treatise on Tamil grammar and life ethics that makes the Tamil language a classical language today. The ideas and theories have made it a rare book for the Tamil community to study deeply to understand the richness of the Tamil language and life. Even today, it stands as live evidence in the hands of the researchers. If one has not found the rich antiquity of “Tolkappiyam” the traces of the Tamil Language might have disappeared and perished, then it seems to say that it is the penance of the Tamils. “Tholkappiyam” is a book that has earned a unique place for itself in the Tamil literary tradition. Tholkappiyar has made his immortal book will be better spoken over time portraying the life and language of the Tamil People. It is certain that “Tholkappiyam” has been ascertained as long as this world exists. It is no exaggeration to say that “Tholkappiyam” is one of the foremost books respected by Tamil scholars of the world. It deals with five parts of Tamil grammar in three Main chapters. “Tholkappiyam” is a thoughtful and informative treatise on Tamil language and culture that elevates itself as an exceptional book that continues to expand its value as scientific theory, linguistic theory and literary theory. The theory of values is no exception. This study proposes that Tamils had great love with their relatives and their relatives and with other people. Descriptive and statistical methods are employed in the study. The areas for future research are also indicated in the study. Hence, this paper examines love and the noble principles found in“Tholkappiyam”.
Keywords: Tholkappiyam, Love, Value, Tamil Culture.
19. சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் ஈரறிவிலிருந்து ஐந்தறிவிலான விலங்குகளின் மானுடப் பண்புகள்
முனைவர் தே. இராணி எலிசபெத்
Humanistic Traits of the Animals with Two to Five Senses from Sangam Literature
Dr. D. Rani Elizabeth
Abstract
Human beings cannot prosper in isolation. They are accustomed to living in a manner that involves organizing their life meticulously and finding companionship with both living beings and inanimate ones. However, humans who have cultured themselves and adapted to their environment coexist with other species. The Sangam Tamil poets who sang about the Tamil people living in the ancient Tamil land had divided it into five parts by keenly observing the land area and activities of the animals and portrayed their vision and essence in their songs. The poets have depicted the activities of two to five sensed animals in the songs. The great master of Tamil, Tolkappiyar also described it in “Tholkappiyam”. Naturally, the two to five sensed animals possess many characteristics of humans, Human values and certain positive traits are specific to the development of peace and harmony of mankind. A treasure of noble characteristics rich in human values is registered by the Sangam poets. It has been transformed for the succeeding generations for many hundreds of years. Even now, Sangam Literature has been taught in universities and colleges to show the rich Tamil tradition full of human values. It also has been recorded that two sensed and five sensed animals have good traits and are seen through Sangam Poetry. This article represents how the animals from two sensed to five sensed beings exhibit the traits of the sixth sense of humans such as love, motherly feeling, parental duty, humanity, fighting spirit, taking things from others without knowing, being mesmerised by the music, the act of food storage as seen as in the Sangam Literary works.
.Keywords: Humanistic Traits, Two-sensed, Five-sensed, Animals, Sangam Literature.
20. புறநானூற்றில் புலவா் - புரவலா் உறவுநிலை மதிப்புகள்
முனைவா் த. ராஜ்குமார்
Values of Poet-Patron Relationship in Purananooru
Dr.T. Rajkumar
Abstract
Sangam literature is a literary treasure that highlights the life of ancient Tamils. According to the Sangam literary tradition, the elucidation of love life is internal (Agam), while the description of war valour, gift and fame is external (Puram). The ability of the leader (King) who leads the country is naturally expressed in the external literature (Puram) and is also significantly portrayed through the internal texts. It does not mention the name of the leader (King). In this way, the songs of “Purananooru” excel in highlighting the magnanimousness of the kings and their glory. It was commendable that the kings also had erudite knowledge. The poets praise the rule of the king and the richness of his country. Even in their poverty, these poets did not aim to gain material wealth rather with their brevity of wit they acquired friendship and gifts from the kings. The kings respected them as their friends. The poets were as close friends and mentors to the patron kings who protected them. So, “Purananooru” explains the life and friendship of the poets and kings of the ancient Tamil society. In general, Sangam literature speaks about the hospitality of the patron kings towards the poets. The poets had their self-respect and didn't beseech anybody (King) instead they used their talent for receiving money. The poets are too bold and even point out the mistakes of the kings and advise them like a good friend who stays with the friend in times of confusion and trouble. The Tamil people of the Sangam period did not live for the sake of money but they lived for humanity. Hence, the article explains the human values among the Poet and Patron relationship found in “Purananooru”.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Purananooru, Human Values, Poet-Patron Relationship.
21. திருக்குறள் அறத்துப்பால் காட்டும் மானுட விழுமியங்கள்
முனைவர் பா. ம. ஜெயகலா
Human Values Portrayed on the Chapter Virtue in Thirukkural
Dr. P. M. Jayakala
Abstract
Tirukkural is a didactic treatise that portrays the virtues (Aram) common to the people of the world. It is a treasure of life philosophy for human society. Values are important in life and enhance human life. Such values are high and elevate individual life. In Tamil culture, caring for the welfare of others is love. According to Valluvar, the people who are without love claim everything as their own, but those who have love consider their body, material and spirit as belonging to others. Hospitality is a basic characteristic of the Tamil society. The good manners of the Tamils are to feed their guests first in ceremonies. The one who does not regard them as neither relatives nor enemies will be praised. A humble person is loved by all due to his hospitality. The one who gets jealous by seeing the growth of others will have to endure the last-long suffering. Therefore, nobody should follow an evil path and not engage in evil actions out of jealousy. Valluvar says that the one who keeps his tongue in check will be a saint. The one who uses his voice for wrong deeds is the key to all evils. A person who acts ethically does not need to understand other virtues. Good will continue to follow those who engage in good deeds and vice versa. So, no one should intend to do potential harm to others. If they act so, virtue will destroy them. To donate to those who have none is benevolent to eradicate poverty and suffering. The human body is perishable but a man's glory will never last. There is nothing more enriching in life than generosity and glory. The one who is merciful to others attains the highest state of bliss in life. Those with a gracious character will not suffer in a world of darkness. Valluvar says that if one wants to protect himself one must give up anger otherwise anger will destroy him. If someone harms us, we should do good to him without punishing him. According to him, Non-Violence is the best virtue of all and he points out that killing a life results in evil outputs. The ideas of Valluvar portray Virtue as vital to leading a good life. This article seeks to find out the human values portrayed in the chapter Virtue from “Thirukural”
Keywords: Human Values, Virtue, Valluvar, Thirukkural.
22. தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தில் ஆன்மீக மதிப்புகளின் தாக்கம்
முனைவர் ஜெ. ஜெயபிரியா
Influence of Spiritual Values in Tamil Literature
Dr. J. Jayapriya
Abstract
A world is surrounded and preserved by nature. The people who lived in harmony with nature cultivated the land and did agriculture. Animals were used as companions for life and livelihood. Man has regulated his life and connected himself with nature. The men with intuition firmly believe that there is a Supreme Being who directs the world and its creation. Human life in the world revolves around HIM (God) together to achieve salvation. Tamil people have learned that the Supreme Being can be pleased by love and is beyond human thought. They have realized that the Supreme Lord is united with nature. However, today natural environments have been polluted and destroyed. Everyone must protect nature from destruction because people's mental health mainly depends on nature. Now, we have in our hands to restore the polluted nature, improve natural resources and protect human welfare. By destroying nature, the harmony of life will disappear. The virtues that are natural to human beings are the base of all human values. Therefore, everyone must bring about harmony and peace in humanity. Harmony and peace can be achieved by spiritual thoughts. It is considered high among all virtues. Then, social values are one of the vital values of Tamil culture. In Tamil Literature, Bhakti literature instructs people on the values to be followed in the social and religious walks of life. It is also a unique piece of literature that provides a way for people to live in the world with an affirmation to get salvation. There is also the concept that spirituality is a social phenomenon that contains beneficial elements for human life. They are considered sacred by the Tamil society. Therefore, this study aims to highlight and investigate through Bhakti literature how the sense of the self, hospitality and psychic assurance are considered key factors in Tamil society.
Keywords: Tamil Literature, Bhakti Literature, Influence, Spiritual Values.