Volume - 7 Issue - 2 January 2025
தொகுதி - 7, இதழ் - 2, சனவரி 2025
Articles 01-12
வாழ்த்துரை
தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியத்திற்காக எமது தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கிய பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் (Ijtlls) இலக்கிய மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி அரும்பணியைச் செய்து வருகின்றது. இது எமது ஏழாம் தொகுதியின் இரண்டாம் இதழாகும். இத்தொகுதியில் பன்னிரண்டு ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகள் இடம் பெற்றுள்ளன.
ச. கண்ணகி அவர்களின் சோ. தர்மன் படைப்புகளில் இயற்கை வேளாண்மையும் நீர் மேலாண்மையும் எனும் தலைப்பில் அமைந்த ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரை சோ. தர்மனின் நாவல்களில் சொல்லப்பட்ட இயற்கை விவசாயமும் நீர் மேலாண்மையும் தற்காலத்தில் எவ்வாறு பாதிப்பக்குள்ளாகி இருக்கின்றது என்பதையும் அதை மீட்டெடுக்க வேண்டிய அவசியத்தையும் குறித்து விழிப்புணர்வை ஏற்படுத்தும் விதத்தில் அமைந்திருக்கின்றது. மலரும் சருகும் நாவலில் நாடார் மக்களின் இனவரைவியல் எனும் தலைப்பில் அமைந்த ஜோ. கிளம்மி ஜெனி பிரியா அவர்களின் ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரை நாடார் கூலித் தொழிலாளர்களின் உழைப்பினைச் சுரண்டும் உயர் சமூகத்தினரை எதிர்த்து போராடி அவர்கள் வெற்றி கண்டதையும், சமூகத்தில் பெரிதும் பேசப்படுகின்ற கள்ள மரக்கால் போராட்டத்தை விவரிக்கும் விதமாக அமைந்திருக்கிறது. தற்காலப் பயன்பாட்டில் வினையெச்சச் சொற்கள் எனும் தலைப்பில் அமைந்த கோ. கோகிலா அவர்களின் ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரை வினைகளை அவற்றின் உருபனியல் மற்றும் உருபொலியனியல் நடத்தை அடிப்படையில் பாகுபாடு செய்வது வினைகளின் திரிபுகளையும் ஆக்கங்களையும் அறிந்து கொள்ள பயனுள்ளதாக அமையும். வேற்றுமை ஏற்காது காலத்தை மட்டும் உணர்த்தி வரும் வினைச்சொல்லின் அமைப்புகளுள் வினையெச்சமும் ஒன்றாகும். மேலும் பத்துக்கும் மேற்பட்ட வினையெச்சச் சொற்களை தமிழ் இலக்கண நூலார் வகுத்துள்ளனர் என்பதையும் தற்கால இலக்கியப் பயன்பாட்டில் மேலும் பல சொற்கள் பயின்று வருவதையும் இவ்வாய்வுக்கட்டுரை எடுத்துக் கூறுகின்றது.
சி. சங்கீதா அவர்களின் மரபிலக்கண நூல்களில் இடைச்சொற்களின் அமைப்பு முறை எனும் தலைப்பில் அமைந்த சொல் வகைகளுள் ஒன்றாக விளங்கும் இடைச்சொல் குறித்தும், இடைச் சொற்களின் வகைகள், அவை பிற இலக்கண நூல்களில் பயின்று வந்துள்ள விதம், தனித்தன்மை, மொழியியல் அடிப்படையில் இடைச்சொல் பாகுபாடு போன்றவற்றையும் ஆராய்வதாக இக்கட்டுரை அமைந்துள்ளது. அ. சதிஸ்குமார் அவர்களின் வா. மு. கோமு சிறுகதைகள் காட்டும் பண்பாட்டு மீறல்கள் எனும் தலைப்பில் அமைந்த ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரை இன்றைய நவீன எழுத்தாளர்களில் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க எழுத்தாளர்களுள் ஒருவரான வா.மு.கோமு அவர்களின் சிறுகதைகளில் அமைந்துள்ள பண்பாட்டு மீறல்களை எடுத்துரைக்கும் பொருட்டு அமைந்துள்ளது. விவேக சிந்தாமணி கூறும் மானுட விழுமியங்கள் எனும் தலைப்பில் அமைந்த முனைவர் சு. சுசா அவர்களின் ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரை ஈகை, அன்பு, நட்பு, புகழ், இன்பம், பிறருக்கு உதவுதல், அறிவுரைத்தல் தன்மை, தீயவர்க்கு செய்த உதவி, பொய்யுடம்பு, புகழுடம்பு போன்ற விழுமியக் கருத்துக்களை விவேக சிந்தாமணி எடுத்துரைக்கும் விதத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது என்பதை ஆராய்கின்றது.
கொங்கு நாட்டின் இராசிபுர வட்டார சிறுதெய்வங்களும் வழிபாட்டு முறைகளும் எனும் தலைப்பில் அமைந்த செ. தனபால் அவர்களின் ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரை வழிபாட்டின் அடிப்படையில் சிறுதெய்வ வழிபாடு தமிழர்களிடம் முக்கியத்துவம் வாய்ந்ததாக இன்றளவும் கருதப்படுகிறது என்பதையும் தமிழகத்தின் தென்னகத்தில் அதிலும் குறிப்பாகக் கொங்கு நாட்டின் இராசிபுர வட்டாரத்திலுள்ள சிறுதெய்வ வழிபாட்டு முறைகளைப் பற்றியும் எடுத்துரைக்கும் விதத்தில் அமைகின்றது. முனைவர் பீ. பெரியசாமி அவர்களின் கலை நோக்கில் திருப்பரங்குன்றம் எனும் தலைப்பில் அமைந்த ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரை மதுரைக்கு அருகேயுள்ள சிறப்பு வாய்ந்த திருப்பரங்குன்ற மலையில் வீற்றிருக்கும் முருகப் பெருமானின் இயல்புகளையும், அங்கு குடையப்பட்டுள்ளக் குடைவரைகளையும், பரிவார மூர்த்திகளின் இயல்புகளையும் மற்றும் கோயில் அமைப்புகள் பற்றியும் ஆராய்வதாக அமைந்துள்ளது. பிற்காலச் சோழர் கால வேளாண்மை எனும் தலைப்பில் அமைந்த பா. மரகதம் அவர்களின் ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரை பிற்கால சோழன் இராஜராஜன் காலத்தில் மேற்கொண்ட நீர்வளம், மண்வளம், கால்வாய்க்காலின் பயன், நெல் வயல்கள், விளைச்சல் உற்பத்தி, கால்நடை வளர்ப்பு, இயற்கை உரம், பண்டமாற்று முறை, கிராமங்களின் செழிப்பு, விவசாய முறைகள், விவசாய மக்கள் மற்றும் விலைவாசி உயர்வு என அனைத்தையும் ஆராயும் விதத்தில் அமைந்திருக்கின்றது. முனைவர் க. முத்துமாரியம்மாள் அவர்களின் பெரியபுராணத்தில் நாயன்மார்களின் பண்பாட்டு மரபுகள் எனும் ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரை நாயன்மார்கள் இறைவனை வழிபட்ட விதத்தினையும் அவர்கள் பாடிய பல்வேறு பாடல்கள் மற்றும் செய்த அற்புதங்களையும் எடுத்துரைக்கும் விதத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது.
முனைவர் பா. விக்னேஷ்குமார் அவர்களின் பாரதியாரின் பார்வையில் கல்வி எனும் கட்டுரை இந்தியா வெள்ளை அரசாங்கத்திடம் அடிமைப்பட்டுக் கிடந்த போது பாரதியார் நாட்டு மக்களின் நிலையை மாற்றுவதற்கு தனது எழுத்தினை ஒரு கருவியாகப் பயன்படுத்தி கல்வி குறித்த சிந்தனைகளை எவ்வாறு வெளிப்படுத்தியுள்ளார் என்பதைப் பற்றி ஆய்வதாக அமைகிறது. முனைவர் ந. இரஞ்சன் அவர்களின் சிந்தனைத் தளத்தில் சுகுமாரனின் வண்டு குண்டு எனும் தலைப்பில் அமைந்த ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரை சுகுமாரன் தன்னுடைய படைப்பில் சிறுவர்களுக்குள் காணப்படும் சிந்தனைத் தன்மைகளையே தன்னுடைய படைப்புகளில் பெரிதும் பதிவு செய்துள்ளார் என்பதை ஆராய்வதாக அமைந்துள்ளது. இவ்வகையான சிறந்த ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகளின் ஆய்வுத்தொகுப்பினை ஆய்வாளர்களுக்கு வழங்குவதில் பெரு மகிழ்ச்சி அடைகிறேன்.
ஆய்வாளர்களின் அனைத்து கட்டுரைகளையும் ஆய்வு நெறிமுறைகளின்படி தணிக்கைச் செய்து மதிப்புரை வழங்கி செம்மைப்படுத்தி தமிழ் மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கிய பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் (IJTLLS) இணையத்தில் பிரசுரம் செய்து உள்ளது. எதிர்காலத்தில் தமிழ் ஆராய்ச்சிகளை உலக அரங்கத்திற்கு எடுத்துச் செல்ல ஓர் ஆய்வுக்களமாக எமது இதழ் செயல்பட்டு வருகிறது. அதற்கு உறுதுணை அளித்த அனைவருக்கும் நன்றி.
- பதிப்பாசிரியர்
1. சோ. தர்மன் படைப்புகளில் இயற்கை வேளாண்மையும் நீர் மேலாண்மையும்
ச. கண்ணகி & முனைவர் கா. லதா
Organic Farming and Water Management in Cho. Dharman’s Novels
S. Kannaki & Dr. K. Latha
Abstract
Today, agriculture is facing difficult times due to various factors such as population growth, increasing demand, technological development, globalization, wars, global warming, climate change, environmental damage, unpredictable seasons resulting in severe floods, drought, high temperatures, water scarcity and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for rapid production. In such an environment, organic farming and water management are very essential to solve those issues. Food is the basic need for all living beings. The growth of population and the changing natural environment have necessitated changes in agricultural practices to ensure a healthy future for both soil and humans. To avoid the negative effects of using artificial fertilizers and pesticides for rapid growth and high yield of crops, it is very necessary to act with proper plans considering the importance of ancient natural agriculture and water management that is the basis of it. Hence, proper planning lays the foundation for the world's healthy soil and human resources tomorrow. Tamil Nadu is one of the very important states that farming is the main occupation of the people. Tamil novels also have many glimpses of agricultural practices. Most of the Tamil writers have written about agricultural related themes and life situations. Cho. Dharman is one of the writers of Tamil Nadu who writes rural life and agricultural settings. This essay explains how organic agriculture and water management are portrayed in Cho. Dharman's novels.
Keywords: Environment, Agricultural, Water management, Cho. Dharman, Novels.
2. மலரும் சருகும் நாவலில் நாடார் மக்களின் இனவரைவியல்
ஜோ. கிளம்மி ஜெனி பிரியா & முனைவர் ஜோ. பென்னி
Ethnography of Nadar People in the Novel Malarum Sarugum
J. Clemy Jeni Priya & Dr. J. Benny
Abstract
Sangam literature is evidence of the cultural, historical, political, linguistic and ethnographic truth of Tamil society. There are many ethnic groups in the Tamil society from the ancient times. It is possible to know that ancient Tamils lived as ethnic groups. The Nadar ethnic group is considered as a group of that ethnic group. They are an ethnic group living in Tamil Nadu. They live in the ghettos by building their own houses. They eat corn flour dosa and rice, goat meat, pulp, fish, umachi rasam, pork and chicken. Also, they have the habit of putting betel leaves and toddy. Men wear a shirt and dhoti and women wear a saree to cover their body. The Nadars develop their economy by farming as their occupation. They have a habit of marrying after a proper engagement with a young woman. The practice of love marriage is also found among Nadar people. The deity worship of these people can be seen in two types namely Christian worship and Hindu worship. Christians worship the Lord Jesus. Hindu Nadars worship Ayyanar, Kali, Karuppannasamy, Saptakanni, Sudalimadan, Ena Pechi, Sandip Pilliyar and Kulathankarai Pilliyar as their deities. Nadars live as joint families. There is a custom of meeting in the middle of the town to punish the wrongdoer and give justice. They use tools such as Airkutti, Kolhumuna, Pannarival, Shovels etc. for agriculture and Kalaiyam, Bronze Kumba and Aluminum plates for household needs. These people are using weapons like Palai sickle, Velkambu and Panniarival as their weapons. The novel portrays that the high-caste rich men have received money from the government by writing fake accounts in the name of Nadar caste labourers. A promissory note becomes evidence for confirming the payment of money to the wage labourers. The superiors ordered that the labour of the Nadar caste labourers should be measured by a small yardstick in an exploitative manner. Nadars fought against this injustice and won to get their wages properly. This struggle is called the Kalmarakal struggle in Tamil Nadu history. This article explores the ethnographical state of the Nadar community in the novel “Malarum Sarugum”.
Keywords: Ethnography, Nadar People, Novel, Malarum Sarugum.
3. தற்காலப் பயன்பாட்டில் வினையெச்சச் சொற்கள்
கோ. கோகிலா & முனைவர் இரா. இரவிச்சந்திரன்
Adjectives in Modern Use
G. Kokila & Dr. R. Ravichandran
Abstract
Tamil people's knowledge has been revealed through ancient palm-leaf manuscripts. Among the grammar and literary texts available in Tamil, grammar has been structured into five categories: ezhuthu (letters), sol (words), porul (meaning), yaappu (prosody), and ani (figure of speech). One of the ancient grammatical texts, Tholkappiyam, consisting of 27 chapters (Iyals) holds a distinctive position regarding words (sol). In the sixth chapter under the Sollathikaram (the section on words), called Vinaiyiyal (the chapter on verbs), the grammar of verbs specifies that they function according to time rather than case distinctions. It explains that verbs accommodate three temporal aspects (past, present, and future) and discusses their applications. In this regard, Tamil verbs serve as a bridge to meaning and contribute to sentence formation. Among the four types of words, verbs are indispensable for conveying meaning, and their role as the foundation of sentence construction is emphasized by grammatical commentators. In contemporary usage, influenced by migration and the appeal of reading, simpler styles are adopted. Verbs that adapt only to temporal changes in Tamil are classified into two categories. Verbs are key components in a sentence to express an action or state. They vary based on aspects such as tense, verb focus, verb types, and distinctions. By categorizing verbs based on their morphological and phonological behavior is useful for understanding their transformations and functions. Among verbs that signify time without case distinctions, verbal roots (vinaiyeccam) are an important subset. Tamil grammarians have categorized over ten verbal roots. However, modern literary usage shows the inclusion of many more such words and they are highlighted in this research.
Keywords: Tamil, Syntax, Verbal Roots, Adjectives, Contemporary Grammar.
4. மரபிலக்கண நூல்களில் இடைச்சொற்களின் அமைப்பு முறை
சி. சங்கீதா & முனைவர் பா. இராஜ்குமார்
Structure of Interjections in Traditional Grammar Texts
S. Sangeetha & Dr. P. Rajkumar
Abstract
Tamil is one of the classical languages with ancient grammar texts. Grammar helps to speak and write a language without mistakes. Tamil Grammar is divided into five categories namely Yeluthu (Alphabet), Sol (Word), Porul (Meaning), Yappu (Texture) and Ani (Figures of Speech). “Tolkappiyam” is considered a unique grammatical and life-oriented text that enriches grammar and its categories in a detailed manner. Among the grammar books available in Tamil, “Tolkappiyam” is the oldest book that best deals with the theory of grammar. No grammar books were written for many years, once the “Tolkappiyam” was published. Even though the works “Veerachozhiyam” and “Neminatham” explain Tamil grammar rules by blending with the Sanskrit language. After them, “Nannool”, the grammar book that appeared in the Tamil language, in which Bhavanandiyar mentions the development of the language and the innovation that occurred from time to time. The books such as “Prayoga Vivekam”, “Elakkana Vilakkam”, “Tonnool Vilakkam”, “Muthu Viriyam”, “Swaminatham” have been written following Bhavanandiyar’s explanation. However, many concepts are the same and some are different in these books. “Tolkappiyam”, which is a primary grammar book has divided the types of words into four types. Among them, one is a morpheme, when it depends on the name without its object, it takes the noun object and when it depends on the verb, it takes its place with its object. Although it occurs in the middle of the language so it is called interjections because it often comes in between them. “Nannool” divides morphemes into eight categories whereas “Tolkappiyam” mentions it in seven categories. Among them, in Tolkappiyam’s Solladikaram - Interjection, the three types such as those that give meaning in their own (Tham Kuruppil Porul Unarthuvana, Acai-nilai (something) and Icai-Niṟai (an expletive used to fill a gap in the metre of a rhyme) are explained in detail. Thus, this article examines interjections and the types of interjections how they have been studied in other grammar texts their importance and uniqueness.
Keywords: Tamil, Traditional Grammar, Noun, Verb, Adjective, Interjection.
5. வா. மு. கோமு சிறுகதைகள் காட்டும் பண்பாட்டு மீறல்கள்
அ. சதிஸ்குமார் & முனைவர் க. சுந்தரமூர்த்தி
Cultural Violation shown in the Short Stories of Vaa. Mu. Komu
A. Sathishkumar & Dr. G. Sundaramoorthy
Abstract
Culture and knowledge have played key role in search of man’s social development and both are very essential. In Tamil culture, customs, rituals, caste, gender relations, worship and festivals have been closely associated with life and they are followed by the people since ages. The short stories of Va.Mu.Komu are not just a collection of information but express the factors of human life, culture and social setting in his works. He is a writer who speaks about the cultural heritage and records the cultural changes and transformation of the Tamil people. Cultural changes often occur while ignoring customs that are followed in God worshipping since ancient times. By influencing and changing certain customs in sacrifice in temple festivals due to economic growth, the caste ideology created for the marginalized people by people belonging to higher caste avoids significant customs and rituals in view of chaotic situations that arise in family life and accept modernized language and dress. He beautifully portrays the culture of the people living in a rural environment in his works. He shows their cultural elements such as beliefs, customs, worship, religion, and caste in his short stories and he speaks strongly about the violations of those cultures. When cultural violations occur, the society faces various problems. The purpose of this article is to examine the benefits and harms caused to humanity and the social change caused by those cultural violations.
Keywords: Culture, Violation, Va. Mu. Komu, Short Stories, Cultural Changes.
6. விவேக சிந்தாமணி கூறும் மானுட விழுமியங்கள்
முனைவர் சு. சுசா
Human Values in Viveka Cintamani
Dr. S. Susa
Abstract
The origin of human values lies in nature. The climatic changes on Earth, caused by the rotation of the Sun and the planets, instilled in humans a sense of order. From this environment, they learned ethical principles such as love, affection, friendship, and other virtues. Additionally, they observed chastity from pigeons, which have one mate for life, and learned unity, food sharing, and communal mourning after death from crows. From trees, bushes, and vines, they learned the virtue of selflessness in supporting other creatures. This essay explores how humanity has derived many admirable qualities and enduring principles from the natural world. In the hierarchy of living beings, humans distinguish themselves as the foremost species, endowed with the ability to reason. Literary records indicate that humans have integrated themselves with the environment, considering not only their own well-being but also that of the entire ecosystem. They have formulated ethical principles using literary techniques such as Ullurai Uvamum (conceit) and Iraichi (implicit metaphor). Ethical texts were written to impart human values, analyzing which principles are suitable or unsuitable for life and offering guidance in various ways. Among these, “Viveka Chintamani” is recognized as a later ethical text. Unlike other ethical works, it not only teaches principles but also presents them in an accessible manner through poems and stories featuring animals such as rabbits, lions, and foxes. This narrative technique ensures that both children and adults can easily understand and benefit from its teachings. It is designed to engage children with enthusiasm, it captures their attention and imparts valuable moral lessons. This essay highlights how “Viveka Chintamani” poetically conveys various human values through natural events and animal behaviors. These values include charity, love, friendship, fame, pleasure, helping others, offering advice, integrity, and conviction.
Keywords: Viveka Cintamani, Human Values, Environment, Metaphor, Ethical Principles.
7. கொங்கு நாட்டின் இராசிபுர வட்டார சிறுதெய்வங்களும் வழிபாட்டு முறைகளும்
செ. தனபால் & முனைவர் பொ. வெங்கடேசன்
Deities and Worshipping Methods in the Rasipuram Region of Kongu Nadu
S. Dhanapal & Dr. P. Venkatesan
Abstract
Man's early life was encircled by dangers for many thousands of years. Nature plays a major role in such risks. In the early times, nature seemed a mystery to man. The Sun, the Moon, darkness and deadly animals created fear in man. Fear becomes a mode of worship to worship nature. Natural death was very rare for them. They were led to destruction either by violence or illness before they reached old age. Early uncivilized men could not understand causal relationships. Then he modelled his physical activity and automatically taught a reason that there is a force within every natural object that is the cause of the action of objects. In early times, man worshipped nature as a goddess out of fear. Then, he gradually developed and worshipped it by giving it an image. He first worshipped idols under a tree. Then, he created a permanent abode for it. It was later called a temple. Nature worship, idol worship and polytheism were the basic reasons for the emergence of many temples in Tamil Nadu. The man who built the temples gradually developed the system of worship according to their clans. At first, he created the natural forces as deities and started worshipping them. Eventually, he created male and female deities and worshipped them by giving them an image and a name. He created and worshipped idols in the shape of mercy, anger, sitting and standing. The Tamil proverb 'Don't live in a place without a temple' (Kovil Illa Ooril Kudiyirukka Vendam) shows us that the people in every village build a temple and consider the temples are essential for wellbeing. Many temples are found in the southern part of Tamil Nadu based on this worship. Even today, the worship of minor deities is considered important among Tamils. Kongu region is one of the important regions that have lots of deity worship. Among the many areas, Rasipuram is a place that has lots of deities and worshipping cults. Hence, this article talks about the cults of minor deities in the Rasipuram region of the Kongu belt in Tamil Nadu.
Keywords: Mystery, Uncivilized, Goddess, Idols, Abode, Polytheism, Deities, Mercy.
8. கலை நோக்கில் திருப்பரங்குன்றம்
முனைவர் பீ. பெரியசாமி
Tiruparankundram in the Perception of Art
Dr. B. Periyaswamy
Abstract
Tiruparankundram is a historical and holy place for the Hindus in Madurai. It is renowned for its association with Lord Muruga. This article focuses on deciphering Lord Murugas's unique presence within the temple, the sacred umbrellas enshrined there and the architectural placement of Parivara Murthys within the temple. A special attention is given to the Panchayatana worship system which signifies the temple’s artistic and theological excellence along with its double sanctum sanctorum and the lesser-known Tenparangunram. The temple's rich historical and epigraphical significance is underscored by inscriptions that provide valuable insights into its antiquity and evolution. These inscriptions serve as crucial evidence for understanding the temple’s development and religious practices for many thousand years. A notable aspect of this study is the transformation of a Jain Tirthankara’s Kudaivara (rock-cut shrine) into an Ardhanareeswara shrine, illustrating the syncretic religious history of the region. Additionally, the legend within the Kudaivara is explored by shedding light on the socio-political influences that shaped the temple’s legacy. The temple also features distinct shrines dedicated to Lord Shiva and Thirumal, reflecting the inclusivity of different Hindu traditions. Further, Sapta Matrikas, Vinayaka and Nandi Deva are venerated within the premises, emphasizing the temple’s diverse pantheon. On the mountaintop, the Kashi Vishwanathar temple is situated. The devotees believe that worship at Tiruparankundram grants divine blessings of Lord Muruga bestowing desired boons to HIS devotees. Hence, this study aims to highlight the temple’s religious, historical, and architectural significance by highlighting its role as an imperative centre of Tamil spiritual heritage.
Keywords: Lord Murugan, Tiruparankundram, Temple, Art, Madurai, Tamil Culture.
9. பிற்காலச் சோழர் கால வேளாண்மை
பா. மரகதம் & முனைவர் ப. வளர்மதி
Later Chola Period Agriculture
B. Maragatham & Dr. B. Valarmathi
Abstract
Agricultural production has been the fundamental basis of human survival and has been practised since ancient times. Tolkappiyar classified land into five distinct types: Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal, and Palai. Among these, Marutham land is suitable for ploughing. Additionally, the ancient Tamils categorized land based on soil characteristics into three types: hard, soft, and cultivated. Numerous references to agricultural practices can be found in Sangam literature as well as in successive Tamil literary works. Water has always been the foundation of agriculture. Ancient Tamils developed various techniques for water conservation and utilized stored water efficiently according to seasonal requirements. They selected crops based on soil characteristics and enriched the soil with natural fertilizers such as manure, green leaves and plant residues, safeguarded crops against pests, and ensured timely harvesting. The surplus grains were securely stored and utilized during periods of drought. While agriculture had been a continuous practice, it underwent significant advancements during the Chola period. Large tracts of uncultivated land were converted into arable land, largely due to the availability of water from the Cauvery River. The later Cholas implemented systematic irrigation methods to maximize the river's resources by demonstrating exceptional expertise in water management. As Chola Nadu was a water-rich region, numerous strategies were employed by the Chola regime for water conservation and distribution, leading to increased agricultural productivity. Thus, paddy cultivation expanded significantly and rice became a key product in the barter system. The ‘Sava Muva Peradu’ project employed a large number of people. The Cholas adhered to natural farming methods, though they also faced challenges such as storms and floods. This study examines various aspects of later Chola-era agriculture, including water resources, soil management, irrigation systems, paddy fields, crop production, cultivation methods, barter systems etc.
Keywords: Later Cholas, Agriculture, Soil, Water Resources, Rajaraja Chola.
10. பெரியபுராணத்தில் நாயன்மார்களின் பண்பாட்டு மரபுகள்
முனைவர் க. முத்துமாரியம்மாள்
Cultural Traditions of the Nayanmars in Periyapuranam
Dr. K. Muthumariammal
Abstract
A society is a group of people living together as a social unit. The culture followed by the people in this society for a long time becomes its tradition. Culture refers to the overall lifestyle of a particular society. All age-old cultural practices that are universally accepted can be considered common to the whole world. These practices are based on customs, beliefs, and traditions. Whether an individual likes it or not, everything passed down from generation to generation becomes the heritage of that society. While every ethnic group in the world has its traditions, the Tamils have a unique cultural heritage. The ancient Tamils primarily followed the Saiva religion. Hence, the contribution of the Nayanmars to the history of Tamil epic literature is invaluable. These saint-poets not only attained divine realization themselves but also imparted their spiritual insights to fellow devotees and Tamil society. As a result, Tamil people developed a profound devotion to God and began to worship with great reverence. The emergence of the Nayanmars in Tamil Nadu significantly contributed to the growth of Bhakti literature. Periyapuranam is a Bhakti masterpiece that illustrates how the Nayanmars adhered to and preserved cultural traditions throughout different phases of their lives. The devotional hymns they composed provide a clear understanding of their spiritual practices. Thus, this study elucidates how the Nayanmars worshipped Lord Shiva and the miracles done by HIM.
Keywords: Tamil, Culture, Tradition, Nayanmars, Periyapuranam.
11. பாரதியாரின் பார்வையில் கல்வி
முனைவர் பா. விக்னேஷ்குமார்
Education in the Viewpoint of Bharathiyar
Dr. P. Vignesh Kumar
Abstract
Education plays an essential role in social transformation. Meaningful social change begins with individual change and education serves as the foundation for this transformation. It is well-known that through education an individual’s talents are nurtured, basic needs are fulfilled and they are shaped into an individual being capable of adapting to future challenges. Moreover, education holds a key role in preserving and transmitting a nation’s culture and traditions to future generations. There exists a profound connection between civilization, development and education. The present era is often characterized as an age of progress that is primarily driven by the advancements in economy and technology. Education is a fundamental human necessity throughout history. From nomadic societies to the modern technological age, it has been the driving force behind social evolution. Ultimately, teaching methods and educational approaches have evolved, yet the need for quality education remains essential in addressing social inequalities. Many scholars have emphasized the significance of education. Following India’s independence, the government has implemented various initiatives to ensure universal access to education. However, the need for educational reform had been recognized much earlier by social reformers and poets. Subramania Bharatiyar is a Tamil poet. He lived during the period of British colonial rule and used his writings as a powerful tool to advocate for the Indian freedom struggle and social change through education. Bharathiyar points out the importance of education in life. This study examines Bharatiyar’s perspectives on education and its transformative power, as expressed in his literary works. It also highlights his vision for an educated society.
Keywords: Bharathiyar, Education, Society, Happiness.
12. சிந்தனைத் தளத்தில் சுகுமாரனின் வண்டு குண்டு
முனைவர் ந. இரஞ்சன்
Thoughts in Sukumaran's Vandu Kundu
Dr. N. Ranjan
Abstract
The rhetoric of children’s literature has evolved significantly over time by leading to its formal establishment as a distinct Tamil literary domain. The term "children" traditionally encompasses both small boys and girls; however, in contemporary discourse, there is a prevailing tendency to associate "children" primarily with male children, while referring to female children separately as "girls." This distinction is observed even among academics with advanced degrees, reflecting a broader linguistic and cultural shift. In the field of Tamil literature, most classical and modern works focus on men and women with limited references to boys during the Sangam period. Unlike later developments in Tamil literature, there was no exclusive work dedicated to boys during this era. However, recent years have witnessed renewed efforts to develop children's literature by resulting in the emergence of diverse literary forms aimed at young readers. Among contemporary Tamil writers contributing to this field, Sukumaran is a Tamil writer who focused on writing children's literature. He has gained recognition for his works that centre on children’s perspectives and experiences. This paper examines Sukumaran’s “Vandu Kundu” with a specific focus on the underlying themes and thought processes reflected in the collection. It explores the cognitive and psychological dimensions of children as depicted in Sukumaran’s stories by analyzing how he captures their thoughts, emotions and behaviours. This analysis also employs descriptive, analytical and statistical methods to examine the narrative structure, themes and rhetorical techniques used in “Vandu Kundu”. Furthermore, the study identifies key areas for future research in Tamil children's literature by emphasizing the need for a broader representation of childhood experiences in literary discourse. Through this critical examination, the paper contributes to a deeper understanding of children’s literature as an evolving literary tradition.
Keywords: Tolkappiyam, Children's Literature, Thinking, Sukumaran, Vandu Kundu.