தொகுதி - 7, சிறப்பிதழ் - 1, டிசம்பர் 2024
Volume - 7 Special Issue - 1, December 2024
Articles 01- 40
பதிப்புரை
தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியத்திற்காக எமது தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியப் பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் (Ijtlls) தம் இலக்கிய மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி அரும்பணியைச் செம்மையாகச் செய்து வருகின்றது. யு.ஜி.சி. கேர் (UGC CARE), எம்.எல்.ஏ (MLA) மற்றும் டி.ஓ.ஏ.ஜே (DOAJ) போன்ற ஆய்வுத் தளங்களில் மதிப்பீடு செய்யப்பட்ட எமது ஆய்விதழில் கௌரவ சிறப்பிதழ் ஆசிரியர்களாகப் பணியாற்றிட தன்னார்வம் கொண்ட பேராசிரியர்களுக்கு வாய்ப்பளிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. மேலும், இச்சிறப்பிதழில் பெருமைமிகு பல்கலைக்கழகங்கள், கல்லூரிகள் மற்றும் ஆய்விதழ்களில் இருந்து பங்கு கொண்ட பேராசிரியர்கள் சிறந்த கட்டுரைகளை வழங்கியமைக்கு நன்றியைத் தெரிவித்துக் கொள்கிறேன். தமிழர் கலாச்சாரம் போற்றுதலுக்குரியது. பண்டைய மக்களின் வாழ்வியல் நெறிகளையே கலாச்சாரமாகப் பின்பற்றி வருகிறோம். நாம் பின்பற்றும் இன்றைய கலாச்சாரப் பழக்கவழக்கங்கள் நமது முன்னோர்களால் நமக்கு அளிக்கப்பட்டது ஆகும். அதை நமது சந்ததியினருக்கு அளிப்பது நமது தலையாயக் கடமையாகும். கலாச்சாரப் பழக்க வழக்கங்கள் மானிட விழுமியங்களின் ஆணிவேராகும். அக்காலம் தொட்டு இக்காலம் வரை மானிட விழுமியங்கள் சார்ந்த பிரச்சனைகள் இருந்த கொண்டே தான் இருக்கின்றன. அதனைச் சீர்படுத்தும் பொருட்டு எண்ணிலடங்கா படைப்புகளைத் தமிழ்ப் படைப்பாளிகளும் அறிஞர்களும் படைத்துள்ளனர். அதற்கானச் சான்று தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தில் நிறைய உள்ளது. பல ஆயிரம் ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்னரே தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தில் கலாச்சாரம் பற்றிய சிந்தனைகள் மற்றும் அதன் முக்கியத்துவமும் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளன. அவைதனைக் கொண்டு நாம் சந்தித்து வரும் கலாச்சாரம் சார்ந்த பிரச்சனைகளை அறிந்து கொள்ளவும் அதற்கான சரியான தீர்வுகளை வழங்குவதையும் மையமாகக் கொண்டு தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தில் கலாச்சாரப் பதிவுகள் (Cultural Documentation in Tamil Literature) எனும் தலைப்பிலான காணொளி கருத்தரங்கம் முன்னெடுக்கப்பட்டு, பேராசிரியர்கள், ஆய்வு மாணவர்கள் மற்றும் தமிழ் ஆர்வலர்களின் சிந்தனைகளின் வழி தமிழ் இலக்கியம், மானுட விழுமியப் பதிவுகள் மற்றும் மானுட விழுமியக் கோட்பாடுகள் சார்ந்த ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகள் பெறப்பட்டுள்ளன. தலைசிறந்த பல்கலைக்கழகங்கள், கல்லூரிகள் மற்றும் ஆய்விதழ்களில் தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியம் சிறக்கப் பணியாற்றக்கூடிய பேராசிரியர்கள், ஆய்வு மாணவர்களின் சிந்தனைகளின் வழி பெற்ற தரமான நாற்பது ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகளைத் தொகுத்து ஆய்வு நெறிமுறைகளின்படி தணிக்கைச் செய்யப்பட்டு, மதிப்புரை வழங்கி, செம்மைப்படுத்தி இணையத்தில் எமது ஆய்விதழ் வாயிலாகச் சிறப்பிதழாகப் பதிப்பித்தமைக்கு அகமகிழ்வடைகிறேன். ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகள் வழங்கி சிறப்பித்தத் தமிழ்ப்பேராசிரியர்கள், எழுத்தாளர்கள், தமிழ் ஆர்வலர்கள் மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி மாணவர்களை மனதாரப் பாராட்டுகிறோம். தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியப் பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் / International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies செம்மையாய் செயல்பட்டு ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரைகளை இணையத்தில் பதிப்பு செய்து வருகின்றது. எதிர்காலத்தில் தமிழ் ஆராய்ச்சிகளை உலக அரங்கத்திற்கு எடுத்துச் செல்ல ஓர் ஆய்வுக்களமாகவும் செயல்பட்டு வருகிறது. அதற்கு உறுதுணை அளித்த அனைவருக்கும் நன்றி.
பதிப்பாசிரியர்
1. சங்க இலக்கியங்களில் வேளாண்மை திணை வழி ஒப்பீடு
அ. அருண் பெஜோ & முனைவர் பா. ம. ஜெயகலா
Comparison of Agricultural Land in Sangam Literature
A. Arun Bejo & Dr. P. M. Jayakala
Abstract
The people of the Sangam period followed different types of agricultural methods depending on the land and the water resources available. There are different types of soil found in each landscape. According to the land, they were divided into five lands. Hard ground (Vanpulam) was found in the Kurinji and Mullai land areas. The fertile ground (Menpulam) was found in the Marutham area. Dryland (Pinpulam) was found in the desert area and saline land (Uvar Nilam) was found in the Neithal area. Of all the above soil types, fertile ground gives good yields. So, the people of the Marutham area were distinguished in agriculture. While people living in other countries wandered from one place to another as nomads for their food needs, the people of the Kurinji land had the habit of hunting and gathering food. Thus, the Sangam literature tells us that the Tamil society of the Sangam period was not a group that went in search of food but could produce food in the areas where they lived. The Kanavars, Vedars, Kuravas, and Einars lived in small huts in the depths of dense forests. When they needed food, they would go from their residential areas to various parts of the forest to collect food. From this, One can see that the life of the people of the Sangam period was a step ahead of the people living in other areas.
Keywords: Literature, Sangam, Thinai, Velanmai, Food, Land.
2. பதினெண் கீழ்க்கணக்கு நூல்களில் பண்பாட்டு விழுமியங்கள்
முனைவர் இரா. அனிதா
Cultural Values in Pathinenkeelkanakku Books
Dr. R. Anitha
Abstract
It is not an exaggeration to state that Tamil heritage has enriched the learned world with its cultural contributions. Tamil flourished through the documentation of the artistic and cultural practices of the Sangam people through its literature. Tamil language empowered the men of those days to face various challenges, emphasized ethical principles and enriched life. Despite time, Tamil heritage continues to manoeuvre on the ancient foundational roots established long ago. Tamil literature has astonished the world with its profound depth of meaning and ideas. Grammar texts, literary works, and evolving discourses derived from Tamil literary tradition continue to flourish and benefit contemporary society. During the Sangam era and its subsequent periods, eminent Tamil poets celebrated and extolled the virtuous traits of humankind. “Pathinenkeelkanakku”, known as the Eighteen Lesser Texts in English are Tirukkural, Naladiyar, Pazhamozhi Naanooru, Tirikadugam, and Sirupanchamoolam. They highlighted ethical values like justice, integrity, friendship, civility, strength, and truthfulness and stressed them as the foundation for moral quality. This research focuses on a few select texts from the select works to explore Tamil culture's emphasis on family life (Illaram), hospitality (Virundhombal), charity (Eegai), public welfare (Podhunalam) and patience (Porumai). By analyzing a few verses as examples, this study seeks to illustrate the cultural excellence of the Tamil people and highlight the philosophical deepness of true wisdom. Hence, the primary objective of this research is to elucidate the cultural and ethical values encapsulated within Tamil culture and heritage.
Keywords: Tamil Culture, Cultural Values, Pathinenkeelkanakku, Ethical Values.
3. காலா பாணி நாவலில் அறியப்படும் பண்பாடு மற்றும் சரித்திர பெண்களின் சமூக ஒடுக்கு முறைகளும் மாற்றங்களும்
து. அனிதா & முனைவர் க. நாகேஸ்வரி
Social Oppression Patterns and Transformation of Women in the Recognized Culture and History in the Novel Kaala Paani
T. Anitha & Dr. G. Nageshwari
Abstract
The novel “Kaala Pani” is usually recognized as a historical novel of colonial India. However, it also portrays the customs and lifestyles of the Tamil people. These cultural elements reflect the richness of Tamil heritage that is admired worldwide. The female characters in the novel are modeled on real women from the society. It includes both ordinary individuals and heroic figures that have left an indeniable mark on history. The novel “Kaala Pani” highlights various categories of women. It depicts the generations of moral codes and remains confined to their family environment and isolated from the outside world. It also portrays women who reclaim their lost power and challenge male dominance. As well, the novel represents women with maternal qualities who express fraternal affection toward those who lose their self-identity due to poverty and exploitation. The narrative includes incidents where Tamil women subjugate and rule over the divided British forces. Through this portrayal, the novel conveys the idea that women can achieve social progress only by overcoming the restrictions imposed on them. While women in contemporary society have gained education and achieved success in various fields, the novel reveals that certain societal constraints persist. In the pre-independence era, when most women lacked individual identity or self-expression, the novel portrays women who have determination and secures a place in history as a heroic figure. Her spirit and self-liberation serve as an inspiring model for the fragile modern women today. Therefore, this research article explores the depiction of social oppression against women in Kaala Pani and examines how the novel illustrates the need for women to liberate themselves from cultural and historical constraints.
Keywords: Women, Oppression, Culture, History, Tamil Women, Pre Independence.
4. சு. தமிழ்ச்செல்வியின் படைப்புகளில் தொழில்சார் & பண்பாட்டுப் பேருருவாக்கம்
திருமதி ஜி. உமாமகேஷ்வரி & முனைவர் எம். கண்ணையன்
Formation of Professional Culture in the Works of Su. Tamilselvi
G. Umamaheshwari & Dr. M. Kannaiyan
Abstract
Su. Tamilselvi is a Tamil writer who is widely recognized for her realistic portrayals. Her works portray the lives, customs and occupational practices of Tamil people and preserve their cultural identity through her works. She documents folklore and indigenous practices by embedding them into her literary works. She brings labour-oriented cultural expressions and offers valuable ethnographic insights into Tamil society. This paper attempts to analyze the representation of professional culture in Su. Tamilselvi’s works. By examining the portrayal of the customs, traditions and professional practices of the people in her works, this study aims to explore how literature serves as a cultural archive. Su. Tamilselvi elevates the voices and experiences of ordinary people through her literary realism in an effective manner. She makes her work into a living evidence of cultural heritage. Through this analysis, the significance of her works as a medium of cultural preservation has been discussed. In particular, the socio-economic and professional realities of marginalized and rural communities can be seen realistically. Thus, Su. Tamilselvi’s literary contributions stand as a record of the experiences of the people who belong to her society and reflect the struggles, spirit and cultural ethos with authenticity. Hence, this study has tried to analyze the formation of professional culture in the works of Tamilselvi.
Keywords: Formation, Professional Culture, Works, Su. Tamilselvi, Tamil Literature.
5. குமரி மாவட்ட மரபுவழி பெண்சார் மருத்துவம்
பா. ஓவியா & முனைவர் ப. சிவசெல்வன்
Traditional Gynaecology in Kumari District
P. Oviya & Dr. P. Sivaselvan
Abstract
Traditional life has been linked with us from ancient times to the present day as a reminder in our lives in the form of stories, songs, folk tales, folk songs, proverbs, musical forms, dance forms, customs, beliefs, games, festivals, worship, rituals, medicine, etc. This can be seen in the rural areas. In the current urban environment, the ways of life and arts are on the brink of extinction. So, it is necessary to protect it. In arts, folk medicine is in danger of extinction. One of the 64 intellectual arts of Tamil is medicine. Tamil traditional medicine has lagged due to the arrival of Western medical practice. Western medical system does not provide a complete solution to major diseases. It causes side effects and turns a person into a lifelong patient. There are many medical systems such as Allopathy, Homeopathy, which are famous in the world, Ayurveda, which is popular among the people as Indian medicine, and Siddha, which is considered the best medicine in the world. Folk medicine is the mother of all of this traditional medicine and has been passed down from generation to generation by the people of the country. To preserve this excellent folk medicine system, this article plans to examine the folk medical methods related to gynaecology for women collected in the Kumari district, especially in the areas of Karungal, Arumanai, Kulasekaram, Thakkalai, Moolachal, Kulachal, Nagercoil, and Marthandam. It can be learned from the folk doctors and the people in the field that the cause of all the physical and mental problems faced by women during menstruation and problems related to hormones. The information obtained through the research suggests the need for regular oil baths and the need for women to consume more calcium-rich foods during menopause has been beneficial for women. It is a common opinion that changes in diet are the main cause of most diseases among women. This article examines the traditional medical practices followed by our ancestors for the treatment of amenorrhea, irregular menstruation, vaginal discharge, infertility, vaginal itching, cysts, breast pain, and abdominal pain among women in Kumari district.
Keywords: Folk Medicine, Maturity, Periods, Uterus, Hormone.
6. பழந்தமிழரின் சோற்றுணாக்கள்
பொன். கனகா & முனைவர் ர. செல்வலதா
Rice Meals of the Ancient Tamils
Pon. Kanaga & Dr. R. Selvalatha
Abstract
Food has had an essential role in human life since the evolution of mankind. The food search has been the driving force in the support of the cultural development of society. In the pursuit of the knowledge of cultural origins, it is vital to discover the history of food types and methods that date back lots of years. Then, to realise the dynamics of a particular society, one should first examine the food practices of its people. Tamil culture has numerous delicate food items ranging from vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. These traditional meals are not only rich in taste but also extraordinarily nutritious. They supply essential minerals, proteins and carbohydrates. In many approaches, they are characterised as natural remedies and contribute to fitness and well-being. An evaluation of Sangam literature reveals a treasure of insights into the food practices of the Sangam Age. It sheds light on the various stages of culinary perfection. Hence, by examining the songs that reveal the use of various rice items eaten by the ancient Tamils from Sangam Literature, the food tradition of the Sangam people can be well known.
Keywords: Food, Rice, Millet, Poems, Sangam Literature, Tamil Culture.
7. திருமொழிகளில் காணப்படும் கிருஷ்ணாவதாரச் சிறப்பு: ஆண்டாள்- பெரியாழ்வார் ஒப்பீடு
ஐ. கார்த்திக் & முனைவர் பா. ம. ஜெயகலா
The Forte of Krishnavatara Found in Thirumozhi: Comparison of Andal- Periyalwar
I. Karthick & Dr. P. M. Jayakala
Abstract
Nalayira Divya Prabandham was composed by the devotees of the Vaishnava sect. The Azhwars were deeply immersed in the name of Lord Vishnu and sang the Lord in various ways and enjoyed themselves. They sang the glories of the Lord and also mentioned the unique features of the incarnation of Lord Vishnu in each of their pasuras (Hymns). Even though singing on the glories of the Lord is a common trait of the Azhwars, One can see in the holy hymns that the way of singing and praising varies according to the psychic state of each Azhwar. When examining the Tirumozhi, the hymns of Periyazhwar and Andal reveal their psychological mindset. Andal's hymns are characterized by the attitude of a heroine and Periyazhwar's hymns are characterized by the attitude of a mother. Besides, the hymns are largely aimed at praising and singing the omniscient nature of the Lord Krishna Himself. Therefore, this article has been prepared with the aim of examining the hymns of Periyazhwar and Andal found in Tirumozhi. It also highlights the similarities and differences between them and reveals the state of mind of the Azhwars.
Keywords: Krishnavatara, Thirumozhi, Comparison, Andal, Periyalwar.
8. ஆற்றுப்படை நூல்களில் கொடைப் பண்பாடு
முனைவர் சொ. கோதை ஈசுவரி
The Culture of Generosity in Aatruppadai Books
Dr. S. Kothai Eswari
Abstract
The Pattuppattu (Ten Idylls) is a significant collection of long poems (Nedum Paadalgal) in the Pathinen Melkanakku Books of Sangam literature. In this collection, the Aatruppadai books occupy an important position and reflect the virtue of hospitality among the Tamil people. The term ‘Aatruppadai’ means ‘guidance’. The poet who receives hospitality from a patron directs fellow travellers to get the same benefit and goodwill from him. The songs portray the tradition of generosity which was an esteemed cultural practice in ancient Tamil society. The Aatruppadai poems depict various forms of hospitality offered to deities, by kings and common citizens. The rulers are often portrayed as noble patrons, offering food, shelter and gifts to the wandering minstrels and saints. The citizens are also described as welcoming and compassionate which reflects the communal spirit and care of others. Deities are also personified as benevolent figures by symbolizing divine grace and protection to the people. Through scenic imagery and lyrical expressions of the social virtues, the Aatruppadai poems capture the socio-cultural facts of the time and emphasize the values of generosity and compassion. These poems celebrate the virtue of hospitality and serve as historical evidence that portrays the ethical and cultural practices of ancient Tamil society. Thus, the Aatruppadai poems preserve and endorse the heritage of Tamil hospitality.
Keywords: Aatruppadai, Hospitality, Tamil Culture, Sangam Literature.
9. கம்பராமாயணத்தில் சூழலியல் சிந்தனைகள்
சி. சங்கீதா & முனைவர் பா. இராஜ்குமார்
Ecological Thoughts in Kambaramayanam
S. Sangeetha & Dr. P. Rajkumar
Abstract
Ecological ideas were discussed from Sangam literature to the Postmodern times. The Tamil language is unique among all other languages in India and is the most remarkable one for its classical antiqueness. One of the treasures of Tamil Language and Literature is “Tholkappiyam”. It discusses from single-sense creatures to six-sense creatures (Trees to Human beings) with ecological explanations to the present modern scientific terms. Nature, the natural world and the creatures of nature its functions are explained in it. It could be studied and protected. The studies have been associated with all forms of pioneering ecological ideas from Tamil literature from time to time. The machines and technology that are invented or developed couldn’t protect the ecological system of nature. It has completely torn out the environment. Climatic changes, Global Warming, Deforestation, Extinction of Species, and other environmental issues like air, water, land, and noise pollution affect the entire Earth. The central idea of the article is to describe the ecological values as found in “Kambaramayanam.” The article focuses on the matters that damage our Earth are discussed and what positive actions can be taken to prevent the Earth from being harmed by the harmful technological advancements. Ecological importance is very important and is portrayed in the epic “Kambaramayanam” by the renowned Tamil poet Kambar. In his epic, a Canto entitled Pozhilirutha Padalam describes the ill effects of deforestation and the consequences of it. The impact of imbalance on biodiversity has been recorded in it. Hence, this study delineates the ecological thoughts documented in “Kambaramayanam.”
Keywords: Environment, Deforestation, Ecological Thought, Kambaramayanam.
10. தமிழ் இலக்கியங்கள் காட்டும் பண்பாட்டு முறைகள்
முனைவா் இ. சத்தியசீலா
Cultural Patterns Exposed in Tamil Literature
Dr. I. Sathyaseela
Abstract
Human society lived a lone life in ancient times. When man started to live a collective life from the lone life, he created his ethics of life and altered it according to his living. The society which follows the principles of ethics should follow them from time to time. The man believed that only this would keep man to live in order, discipline and excellence. Culture is the set of living norms that he created for life. According to society, certain cultural norms have been built and the cultural base of the respective period of the society makes ease life. As a result of this life, society progressed towards towards an order. When the rulers and the society make the firmness of the cultural base flexible, the whole social system, the social norms of the society and the cultural traditions will go towards dissolution. To save society from this crumble, the ancient sages and scholars tried to build an orderly living in society by following virtues, Keeping justice and teaching ethics to the people. Tamil Literature plays a major role in this effort. Tamil Literature has been written for the delight of human society. They were written to regulate and structure the life of society. Tamil Literature emerges from society and portrays cultural patterns. It depicts the events of the society and also organises the living space of the Tamil society. From Sangam literature to the present day, literature has played a major role in building and maintaining the morals of life in society.
Keywords: Tamil Literature, Cultural Patterns, Familial Life, Hospitality.
11. தமிழர் பண்பாட்டில் திருவண்ணாமலை மலைவலமும் மக்கள் நம்பிக்கைகளும்
கி. சரவணன் & முனைவர் கு. சீனிவாசன்
Thiruvannamalai Hills in Tamil Culture and Beliefs of the People
K. Saravanan & Dr. K. Srinivasan
Abstract
Annamalaiyar Thiruthalam is a shrine worshipped by Brahma and Vishnu. This place is located in Thiruvannamalai. It is considered a fireplace among the Panchaboodha Thalams. People worship the mountain as Shiva. A circumambulation around the temple takes place every month on the full moon day. Many lakhs of devotees from different parts of the country participate in it. Mahadeepam is lit on Krithikai Nakshatra in the month of Karthikai and special worship has been performed. It is a ten-day festival. In former times, many kings who ruled the region at different times have paid homage to this temple. This mountain is said to be older than the Himalayas. The Arunachal Purana mentions that there were three hundred and sixty-five holy water bodies here. Myths and legends describe Annamalai as the centre of the earth. This is the shrine where Arunagirinathar was blessed by Lord Muruga. The sacred tree of Thiruvannamalai Temples is the 'Makizha Maram'. This tree is located in the southern part of the third prakaram in the temple. It consists of six prakaras, nine gopurams, many mandapas and many udsannanidhis. Annamalaiyar Sanctum Sanctorum begins in the eastern direction. Along the fourteen-kilometre mountain trail, there are various places of worship, holy water ponds, ashrams and mandapams. Indra, Agni, Eman, Nruti, Varuna, Vayu, Kubera and Isanyan are the eight guardian deities who guard the eight directions. The temple of Durvasa Maharishi is situated on the left side of the mountain passing towards the east. Idukkupillayar Temple is situated on the northern side of the mountain pass near Kubera Lingam Temple. Durgaiyamman Temple is located near Annamalaiyar Temple. Therefore, there are many holy places to see and get blessings around the temple. Thus, this research has planned to do an extensive study on the Annamalaiyar temple and the shrines and other holy places around the temple. It studies the various features of Annamalaiyar Hill and the temple that have a deep impact on the minds of the Tamil people.
Keywords: Thiruvannamalai, Annamalai Temple, Belief, Tamil People, Tamil Culture.
12. திருவாசகத்தில் நீராடல் விளையாட்டு
ந. சரவணன் & முனைவர் செ. மகேஸ்வரி
Water Sports in Thiruvachagam
N. Saravanan & Dr. S. Maheswari
Abstract
The traditional festivals, rituals and games of Tamil Nadu are important in revealing the heritage of Tamil culture. It conjoins customs, foods and celebrations. One of the significant reasons behind the importance of games in Tamil tradition is their role in promoting physical strength, flexibility, courage, mental strength, intellectual power, memory and creativity. Tamil Nadu’s traditional games promote unity, emotional control and self-control in accepting both success and failure. Hence, the importance of participation in games has been emphasised by our ancestors. Many references to games can be found in ancient Tamil literary works such as Sangam literature, Puranas and epics. Games are not only for entertaining activities but also serve to communicate deeper philosophical insights into society. Games in the works were structured to elucidate profound messages and were designed to stimulate thought, enhance musical skills and function as physical exercises. Notably, in the devotional literature, “Thiruvachagam”, various games are depicted as methods for conveying spiritual teachings. The hymns in “Thiruvachagam” integrate Tamil games to express devotion and illustrate their significance in spiritual and cultural contexts. One such game is Neeradhal (water games). It is frequently seen in “Thiruvempavai”, a Tamil devotional literature that highlights its role in fostering devotion. Hence, this paper aims to explore the representation of the water game (Neeradhal) in “Thiruvachagam” and its connection to Tamil cultural and Bhakti ideologies.
Keywords: Water Sports, Sangam literature, Thiruvachagam, Thiruvempavai, Tamil Society.
13. சிலப்பதிகாரம் முன்னெடுக்கும் நீதியும் சமத்துவமும்
முனைவர் கு. சுதாகர்
Uphold of Justice and Equality in Silapathikaram
Dr. K. Sudhakar
Abstract
Among various epics that have appeared in the world, there is a special place for the Tamil epic “Silapathikaram”. Even the epics all around the world talk about women; “Silappathikaram” is the first Epic to have women as the chief character and heroine of the story. The records of Silappathikaram are the proof of a legendary woman who confronts the king for justice for her dead husband. Ilangovadigal is the author of the epic. In the epic, he tells the story of Kannagi. One can see that most of the characters are brought forward by Ilangovadigal to highlight justice. Though worshipping Kannagi as a goddess is the aim of Silappathikaram, the idea of living morally and upholding justice against anyone, even the king will lead to the level of the highest deity, conveyed in a great manner. It is seen that the Moovendargal (Three Kings) are treated as equals and their pride is highlighted. It can be seen that Ilangovadigal also had the principle of equality, equal to justice in “Silappathikaram”. He was determined that there should be unity at various levels such as unity among Moovendargal, unity within religions, and unity within worship. Moreover, the most important factor that keeps the structure of the family intact is the women, through a very subtle logic, and he has advised here and there that equality between men and women is necessary. Hence, this article aims to learn about justice and equality as depicted in “Silapathikaram”.
Keywords: Kannagi, Triumvir, Vazakkurai, Chaste Godess, Religion.
14. குறுந்தொகை கட்டுடைக்கும் பெண் கலாச்சாரக் கட்டமைப்பும் கட்டுப்பாடும்
முனைவர் பெ. சுபா
Deconstruction of Kurunthogai on Feminine Cultural Structure and Control
Dr. P. Suba
Abstract
This article explores the status of women in Tamil society by examining the cultural realities depicted in “Kurunthogai” in alignment with the norms outlined in “Tholkappiyam”. While most of the traditional Tamil literature often displays the cultural norms for women, “Kurunthogai” gives a contrasting portrayal. It exhibits instances where women defy conventional practices, putting forward their wishes and emotional autonomy. Through the voices of female characters, the demanding situations show liberty in Tamil culture. Women of Kurunthogai express clear, neutral thoughts by transferring beyond lamentation over their sorrows. They actively pursue their goals and accomplish their goals without male involvement. This representation disrupts the stereotypical image of passive womanhood and gives a nuanced view of the individuality of women in ancient Tamil society. “Tholkappiyam” formalizes the cultural norms and “Kurunthogai” displays the realities and emotional freedom of women. It demonstrates their capacity for self-reliance and empowerment. Through this feminist evaluation, the article highlights the liberty of women's gender roles in early Tamil literature. It reveals that women were not mere creatures to perform patriarchal dictates at those times. They are capable of hard and able to redefine their social roles. Thus, this paper contributes to the broader idea of gender representation in Tamil literary traditions and gives a clear idea of the complicated and dynamic portrayal of women in the classical Tamil text “Kurunthogai.”
Keywords: Women, Writers, Feminism, Social Structure, Kurunthogai.
15. ஆர்கலி ஆர்த்த சங்கத்தமிழர்கள்
முனைவர் த. தமிழரசி
Prosperous Sangatamils
Dr. D. Thamizharasi
Abstract
Tamil literature is important in the arena of world literature. Among them, Sangam literature is the most special one with classical aestheticism. The people who lived in the Sangam period lived a virtuous life by integrating nature with their lives and binding themselves to nature. This life can be seen in the Sangam literary songs. The Sangam Tamils were very skilled in trade, industry and maritime technology. In particular, shipbuilding technology is a highlight and a pride of the Sangam Tamils. Ships and trade are given a place in the Sangam literary works. It is lucid that the literary songs sing of the big ships anchored in the coastal areas and carried out great trade by using and expanding sea connections. It is a matter of great pride that the Tamils ruled the great seas. It is also noteworthy that in addition to rein the sea, they also knew the technology of building ships due to their great power of knowledge at the ancient times. In short, before many thousand years to the western technologies at present surprise us the Sangam Tamil people were pioneers of shipbuilding and travel. Hence, this research article examines the intelligence of the Sangam Tamils who lived close to the sea and great travels with ships.
Keywords: Sea, Ship, Prosperity, Sangam Tamils, Tamil Culture.
16. சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் மானுட விழுமியங்கள்
முனைவர் ச. திவ்யபாரதி
Human Morals in Sangam Literature
Dr. C. Divyabharathi
Abstract
Tamil literature holds a distinguished place in the international arena and is renowned for its grammar and literary richness. Unlike many international languages, Tamil possesses a unique identity that is deeply rooted in its cultural-historical past. The Tamils revere their language more than their lives. It encompasses a profound experience of pleasure and devotion closer to their cultural legacy. Humanity is very vital for human life and it is the noble way of life of human beings. The humanitarian traits of the humans of the Sangam period are vividly recorded in Sangam literature. It presents valuable deeds of everyday lives by encompassing politics, beliefs, games, food and heroism. Many scholars have documented the human values of the era and made the readers aware of the compassionate and ethical nature of the Sangam people. Their lives were splendid having Akam (Internal life) which represents personal feelings, love, and personal wishes and Puram (External life) which depicts public life, heroism and valour. The ideas of distinctive features and chastity have been fundamental to the ethical life of Tamils to balance social structure. The life of the Sangam people displays a deep connection with nature, portraying simplicity, compassion and harmonious coexistence with their surroundings. Thus, the study of Sangam literature reveals the values of humanity through the portrayal of the everyday lives and moral standards of the humans of that technology.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Tamil People, Five Lands, Morals.
17. குறிஞ்சி வாழ் உயிரினங்களின் பாதுகாப்பும் முக்கியத்துவமும்
ம. நிகிதா & முனைவர் அ. பொன்னம்மாள்
Conservation and Importance of the Living Beings in Kurinji Land
M. Nihitha & Dr. A. Ponnammal
Abstract
Literature reflects the culture, customs and civilization of a society’s past. In Sangam literature, “Etuthogai” and “Patthupatuu” reveal the life of the ancient Tamils along with the natural environment. The first place in the Sangam times is the mountainous areas (Kurinji land). The Sangam literary songs convey information about the natural resources of the Kurinji land, the culture of the people and the living beings. The people of Kurinji land worship the Tamil God Seyon (Murugan). The life of the living creatures and their food habits are formed according to the characteristics of the respective landscape. Nature is the source of life for humans and also for all living creatures on earth. The role of birds and animals in human life is essential. The living creatures living on earth are interdependent and related to each other. Due to scientific and technological advancement, the number of species has decreased to the point of extinction. The people of Kurinji hunted and consumed the animals of that land. Over time, they hunted animals also for business and used their skin and flesh for sale. Humans must protect the creatures found in the mountains and forests and preserve nature by not hunting them. The role of water is minor for the survival of the creatures. The role of mountains and mountain creatures is essential for protecting and enriching the water resources of the world. The hunting of the creatures living in the Kurinji forest for their needs and the dangerous situations will lead to the extinction of the creatures. Therefore, it is necessary to stop this situation and protect the creatures. Otherwise, a great calamity could happen in the mainstream of biodiversity and this condition will lead to a deeper ecological crisis. As man has made the natural setup turbulent, it is man’s responsibility to reorder it. This research article highlights the Sangam literary songs about the living beings in the Kurinji forest such as the tiger, bear, elephant, monkey, pig, peacock, parrot, etc., and highlights the reasons for the extinction of the creatures, their role in human life, and the importance of protecting them in the present times.
Keywords: Conservation, Importance, Living Beings, Kurinji Land, Tamil Culture.
18. திருக்குறள் குமரேச வெண்பா உணர்த்தும் வான்சிறப்பு
நா. பத்மஸ்ரீ & முனைவர் பா. ம. ஜெயகலா
Expression of Thirukkural Kumaresa Venba on the Blessing of Rain
N. Padmasree & Dr. P. M. Jayakala
Abstract
Literature reflects human life and is based on the society of that time. According to the change of time, it evolves to satisfy the need to reform society. Thiruvalluvar is one of the most revered poets of Tamil Nadu. He is an icon of Tamil didactic writers. His “Thirukkural” is the most respected didactic literature of the world before the present civilizations existed in the world. Valluvar's kural is like a prayer for life and can be seen as also expressed by the mention of the blessing of the rain. Without mentioning the importance of the Sun and allied natural forces, it cannot be possible to express the importance of rain. Indeed, it is also impossible to predict when it will rain and how much it will rain. So, it is harmful whether it rains more or completely not. The fertility of the land and the sea, the prosperity of the land and the order of the world are determined by rainfall. The Blessing of the Rain chapter from “Thirukkural” expresses the importance of rain and the necessity of water for all life on earth. Due to climate change, economic life has been stunned by unusual rain today. Crops did not grow without proper rainfall. If there are no crops grown at the correct time, there will be no production. This article studies Jagaveera Pandyanar's “Thirukkural Kumaresa Venba” as a literary source that states the necessity of rain and a treatise to be worshipped.
Keywords: Rain, Elixir, Hunger, Thirukkural Kumaresa Venba, Jagaveera Pandyanar.
19. தீம் புனல் உலகம்
செ. பவித்ரா
Theem Punal Ulagam
S. Pavithra
Abstract
One can learn about the living conditions of the people of the Marutha Land from the Sangam Literature. The social customs, food and games of the ancient Tamil people can be seen through the eight volumes (Ettuththogal) of Sangam literature. The people of Marutham lived were the agricultural fields and places related to fields nd farms. They were mostly wealthy because they cultivated red (Kavuni Arisi) and white rice (Samba Arisi). Besides, they built cities and lived a life of pleasure as kings and people. The people of Marutham were the beginning of Tamil modern civilization of the Sangam times. The people who lived by hunting and gathering flocks were the first to start animan farming and husbandry. They developed the methods of animal husbandaries at that times culture. Marutham land and culture was the beginning of the systematic society and the evidence of developed Tamil culture. Marutham land was a region full of rivers and ponds that make the lands fertile and the people to prosper. Then, morality has been followed in their lives. The natural settings of the Marutham people, entertainment, festivals, food, customs and their uniqueness can be seen in this article through the Marutha songs found in “Kalithogai”. Selected 35 songs from “Kalithogai” are taken for this study.
.Keywords: Kalithogai, Water Bodies, Food Practices, Ornaments, Hero, Beloved.
20. மாணிக்கம் நாவல் வெளிப்படுத்தும் குடும்ப சூழலில் பெண்கள்
வே. பவித்ரா & முனைவர் ஜோ. பென்னி
Depiction of Women in the Family Environment in the Novel Manickam
V. Pavithra & Dr. Benny
Abstract
The structure of human society is built from the basic structure of the family. The occurrence of marriage is the basis for the formation of the family. In domestic life, love and affection are the most important matters in relationships. The Tamil novel Manickam written by Su. Tamilselvi conveys how women are suffering in a big family. If the husband is not right, life becomes torture for her. The relationships of a family are based on trust and confidence in others. No other people belonging to any country call the relationship by name. The characters in the novel “Manikam” portray the people who belong to the rural area. The writer clearly explains the problems of women's life in his novels. The relationship between husband and wife is very important in a family. In this novel, one can see the suffering of Chellayi from her husband. This novel highlights the suffering caused by her husband's actions such as drinking, playing cards, intending to leave his wife and marry someone else and suspecting his wife while making mistakes. Chellayi lives by tolerating all the pressures from her in-laws and parents' contemptuous talk. In the novel “Manikkam”, the novelist has written that Chellayi cries over the situation and her husband Manikkam was never kind to her. Chellayi remains confident and is a character who fights against poverty. She works hard and lives without expecting help from others with the hope that her husband will come. In society, women are bound to men. She endures cruelty from family members. This article explains the problems faced by women in the family environment in the novel “Manikkam”.
Keywords: Family, Su.Tamilselvi, Chellayi, Manickam, Domestic Violence, Manickam.
21. பதினெண் கீழ்க்கணக்கு அக நூல்களில் தமிழர் கலாச்சாரம்
ப. பாலமுருகன் & முனைவர் எஸ். மணிமாறன் & முனைவர் பெ. சுமதி
Tamil Culture in the Pathinen Keelkanakku Agam Books
P. Balamurugan & Dr. S. Manimaran & Dr. P. Sumathi
Abstract
India is the only country in the world that continues to uphold its cultural heritage and traditions from the past to this day. This is why the world admires India due to its rich cultural roots. Among the Indian states, the people of the Tamil region have excelled in preserving and practising their cultural traditions. A major factor contributing to this cultural continuity is Tamil literature. Sangam Tamil poets created literary works that introduced the world to Tamil culture and values. Sangam texts provide a vivid portrayal of the lives, customs and traditions of the ancient Tamil people. Sangam literature is categorized into “Ettuthokai” and “Pathuppattu”, with the “Pathinen Keelkanakku” (Eighteen Minor Literary Works) playing a significant role in preserving Tamil cultural heritage. Besides, Sangam literature is broadly classified into Aga Thinai (love-related life) and Purathinai (external/social life). The Aga Thinai literature, which includes “Natrinai”, “Kurunthogai”, “Agananooru”, “Ainkurunooru”, and “Kalithogai”, is rich in cultural references to family life, social customs, beliefs and traditions. Very similar to “Pathuppattu” and “Ettuthokai”, the Pathinen Keelkanakku Aganoolgal provide a valuable appreciation of Tamil culture. These works capture the gradual evolution of Tamil civilization and help to understand the ancient Tamil life. These works provide knowledge about moral values, social structures, marriage customs, religious worship, festivals like Karthigai Deepam, ritualistic dances like Velan Veriyaadal, Madal Eruthal (love expressions through public declaration), governance, traditions, and beliefs of ancient Tamils. This research paper aims to analyze the cultural aspects found in the Pathinen Keelkanakku Aganoolgal and focuses on works such as “Kar Narpathu”, “Ainthinai Aimbathu”, “Thinaimozhi Aimbathu”, “Ainthinai Ezhubathu”, “Thinaimaalai Nootraimbathu”, and “Kainnilai” along with related scholarly works.
Keywords: Tamil Culture, Pathinen Keelkanakku, Agam Books, Tamil Heritage.
22. தமிழர் பண்பாட்டு மரபில் காதல்
ரா. பிரியா
Expression of Love in Tamil Culture
R. Priya
Abstract
Sangam literature is a valuable collection of old Tamil poems. It shows the greatness of Tamil culture and traditions. Love is very important in Tamil culture. The songs in Sangam literature talk about the love life of Tamil people. These songs describe the happy and sad moments of love and the feelings that come as a consequence of it. Sangam poets have a tradition of singing about love in a very honest way without any expectations. True love happens only once. Love is a very special feeling that cannot be repeated. It is a sacred one that makes us all human. Without love, humans would be like animals without feelings or emotions. The songs in Sangam literature show the importance of love in Tamil culture. They show how love is a basic part of human life and how it shapes our lives. Love is not just a feeling but a way of living. It is about caring for others, being kind and giving preference to others' needs before our own. The Tamil people have always valued love and relationships, and this is reflected in their literature and culture. The tradition of singing about love in Sangam literature has been passed down for many generations. It is a way of expressing the deepest feelings and celebrating the beauty of love. Through these songs, One can gain a deeper understanding of Tamil culture and its values.
Keywords: Love, Sangam Poems, Tamil People, Tamil Culture.
23. தமிழர் பண்பாட்டு மரபில் வழிபாடும் கோயில்களின் தோற்றமும்
முனைவர் பீ. பெரியசாமி
Worship and Origin of Temples in Tamil Cultural Heritage
Dr. B. Periyaswamy
Abstract
Culture is related to food, dress, shelter, worship, culture, civilization and traditional customs. This article explores the impact of temples on the worship tradition of Tamils and the social change faced by them. It tells about the ancient worship of Tamils such as nature worship, temple-based gods and their worship, tree worship, Indra worship, Kaman worship, Kartika festival, Pongal and Panguni Uthiram. Then, Anangu and Sur were also known as deities worshipped out of fear. Nadukal worship, the tradition of worshipping stones, mother goddess worship and Muruga worship paved the way to idol worship and this should be considered as the early stage of statehood. Kattralis, Kottams emerged at a later stage and laid the foundations for the construction of temples. In this situation, the distinctions between the deities Perutheivam (Great Gods) and Sirutheivam (Small Gods) have been created. Perutheivam has acted as a centre of power and expression of the influence of the Monarchy. As a result, common native people have been affected in various ways. Clan deities and Nattar deities are worshipped as minor deities. The method of Small God worship has preserved the worship tradition and culture of the Native people even today. This article explores how temples created the success of kings, the luxury of the ruling class and the development of patriarchy in Tamil society. The noble form of worship is to greet and worship the Lord who is common to all. This article establishes that everything else is for pomp and show.
Keywords: Tamil Culture, Tamil Heritage, Origin, Temples.
24. வேள்பாரி புதினத்தில் காணலாகும் தொல்தமிழரின் உணவுகள்
ர. மனோஜ்குமார் & முனைவர் ப. டேவிட் சிவசெல்வன்
The Food Habits of Ancient Tamils Found in The Novel Velpari
R. Manojkumar & Dr. P. David Sivaselvan
Abstract
From the earliest times to the present day, human beings have lived and struggled for food. Among the fundamental needs of humans, food holds the foremost place. This applies to all living beings and no life can survive without food. Eating is defined as the process by which living beings satisfy their bodily need for hunger and the means to fulfil this need is food. For humans, food transcends mere physical necessity and serves as a medium that reflects a society's cultural, economic, political and geographical aspects. In this regard, food has undergone various transformations throughout the long history of the Tamil people. While inscriptions, archaeological findings and ruins are often accepted as primary historical sources, artworks also play a significant role in understanding the lifestyle of a community. Tamil literature is rich in ancient literary sources. It is very useful to understand the food habits of the Sangam people. Literary evidence suggests that the Tamil people had developed food habits closely linked to their landscapes. A study reveals that Tamils excelled in food preparation, dining customs and hospitality. By exploring Tamil food culture, one can gain insights into food. Many researchers have documented Tamil food habits through studies. Based on the information, many fictional works have also emerged. In this context, this article aims to explore the food customs depicted in the historical novel “Veerayuga Nayagan Velpari” by Su. Venkatesan.
Keywords: Su. Venkatesan, Velpari, Tamil Culture, Tamil Food, Traditional Food.
25. ஆற்றுப்படை இலக்கியங்களில் திணை சார்ந்த பண்ணிசை
வெ. மாரிச்செல்வி & முனைவர் அ. விஜயலட்சுமி
Thinai Based Music in Aatruppadai Literature
V. Mariselvi & Dr. A. Vijayalakshmi
Abstract
Art serves humanity and offers solace from the traces of labour. In early times, as tribal customs evolved, the artists emerged as a distinct group in Tamil culture. Among conventional art, art holds an ancient legacy. “Tolkappiyam” identifies the parai (a drum instrument) as one of the fundamental instruments of Tamil culture. The early Tamil life can be seen in the Aatruppadai songs. It gives insights into the musical practices of wandering minstrels, bards and scops. In Sangam literature, art is related to the five landscapes (thinai) - Kurinji, Marutham, Mullai, Paalai, and Neithal. Each of them represents the geographical and emotional aspects of the people. The musical modes had been according to the five landscapes. For example, Kurinji Land music is rendered in hill-associated concepts, while Neithal Land music resonates with seascapes. The Aatruppadai songs depict the journey of the bards and capture their musical skill and ability to describe the scenes with realistic effects. The overall performance adhered to particular melodic patterns and conventions and reflected the disciplined musical traditions of the time. However, the music underwent many variations. In contemporary Tamil art, they may be identified by different names by indicating the dynamic evolution of musical practice. This study explores Thinai based music found in Aatruppadai literature.
Keywords: Thinai, Music, Tamil culture, Aatruppadai Literature.
26. குழுமாயி அம்மன் திருவிழாவும் சடங்குகளும்
பொ. மோகன் ராஜ் & முனைவர் ப. டேவிட் சிவசெல்வன்
Kuzhumayi Amman Festival and Rituals
P. Mohanraj & Dr. P. David Sivaselvan
Abstract
Tamil ethnicity is deeply connected with festivals. The festivals celebrated today across the Tamil diaspora are unique to Tamil culture. While the form changes, the zeal with which Tamils celebrate these festivals has never faded. The ancient Tamils celebrated the Panguni Vizha of Uraiyur, the Ulli Vizhavu of Vanji, and the Munner Vizha of the Pandya country with happiness and enthusiasm. The contemporary Tamils continue to celebrate festivals like the Madurai Chithirai Thiruvizha and the Thiruvannamalai Thirukkarthikai Vilaku with the same spirit. It is incorrect to think that these Brahminized festivals are the only facet of Tamil culture. In reality, the true essence of Tamil culture flourishes in the summer. During this time, folklore festivals are celebrated in villages and cities of Tamil Nadu. Although these folklore festivals generally follow a common pattern of worship and rituals, it is important to note that there are local variations unique to each region. These variations and common patterns render some aspects of Tamil folklore worship. Thus, folklore festivals provide research evidence. In Tamil Nadu, west of Tiruchirappalli. Kuzhumayi temple is situated. This article aims to describe the rituals and festivities of this temple and illustrate the beliefs and faith of the people. The origin of Kuzhumayi, along with rituals such as Manjal Nērāttu and Kāppukkattuthal, are elaborated. Kāthavarayan is remembered through the ritual of Theruvottam and is examined. Some rituals of this festival, such as Kuttukkutithal, Kāliyavittam, and Ōlaipitāri help to trace the connection between Kuzhumayi worship and Pitri worship. The author has also discovered a unique form of worship for the deity Poraikizhan, a Paraiyar by caste. This worship involves the use of the musical instrument Katinga, which is an integral part of the festival. Moreover, the central role of the worship, the role of Marulali in this festival is examined.
Keywords: Festivals, Rituals, Kuzhumayi, Folk Religion.
27. நிலவியல் அடிப்படையில் நற்றிணை
சு. ரம்யா & முனைவர் மா. செங்குட்டுவன்
Natrinai in Geographical Perspective
S. Ramya & Dr. M. Senguttuvan
Abstract
Man is a symbol of the fighting spirit. There are many living beings in the world who have survived many millions of years and remained unchanged. Man has made immense progress by his fighting spirit. From discovering deep-sea wonders to inventing science and technology to the art of flying in the sky, it is considered a victory for man's relentless hard work. How much one grows in life will help to rise and support the development of mankind. The human mind enjoys and experiences the arts in a happy manner. Thus, Sangam literature is regarded as an asset to the knowledge and culture of Tamils. In Sangam Agam literature, the ancient Tamil man has recorded how he achieved his knowledge by experience penetrating the land and making use of its knowledge and its usefulness. Man has paved the manner and in such a way he lives and satisfies the necessity of life according to its nature. He has called it by various names. Hence, the purpose of this article is to describe how geographical landscape has been playing an integral part in finding out the ancient Tamil landscapes such as Mountainous, forest, agricultural, coastal land and desert.
Keywords: Tamil People, Tamil Culture, Natrinai, Geography.
28. தமிழர் பண்பாட்டில் விருந்தோம்பல்
ம. ரம்யா
Hospitality in Tamil Culture
M. Ramya
Abstract
In ancient Tamil society, guests were considered representatives of the gods. The host would worship the guest offering them food shelter and other comforts. The ancient Tamil works such as “Thirukkural” and the Sangam literature provides valuable insights into the hospitality of the Tamils. The Sangam literature contains numerous references to the hospitality of the Tamils, the feasts and the gifts presented to them. Hospitality was not limited to the wealthy or the aristocracy. Every household, regardless of its social status, was expected to extend a cordial welcome to guests. The Thirukkural dedicates an entire chapter to the importance of hospitality (Virunthombal). It emphasizes the need to treat guests with respect and to provide them with food and shelter ensuring their comfort and well-being. Hospitality can also be described as a virtue of a great soul that cares for the whole universe. They had a separate definition regarded serving feast to the guests and the needy people. Kannagi says in “Silappathikaram” those who are not with their husbands are not eligible to serve people. Sita regrets that Rama who is not with his wife would also be unfit to entertain the guest. Ancient Tamilians gave as much importance to hospitality, chastity, Virtue, bravery etc. Even till the period of Sangam literature, hospitality is considered to be a unique feature of Tamilians. Hospitality has been an integral part of ancient Tamil culture, reflecting the traditions that continue to inspire and influence the hospitality practices of the Tamils.
Keywords: Hospitality, Tamil Culture, Respect, Virtue.
29. மனித உரிமையை முன்வைத்து சங்கத்தமிழர் மானுடப் பண்பாட்டுச் செயலடைவுகளும் எதிர் செயலடைவுகளும்
தி. ராஜ்குமார் & முனைவர் வி. முருகன்
Human Cultural Actions and Counter-Actions of Sangam Tamils in the Name of Human Rights
T. RajKumar & Dr. V. Murugan
Abstract
Tamils have high thinking and a longing to lead a pure life. The lifestyle of the Tamils of the Sangam period is an example of a good lifestyle. The fact that people who lived classically have provided various delicate artistic and cultural glimpses into their lives and they identified them as people of a classical nature. The places where people lived, the useful objects used and the artistic symbols they left explain the status they had in their lives. Various records are found in Sangam literature about human rights. Similarly, human rights violations have also been seen. Literature does not fail to record the events. The internal and external achievements of the Sangam Tamils have stabilized their culture. To that extent, the opposing actions can also be understood. One can understand them only by criticizing these counter-actions. If there was no stealing, that idea of losing it might not have been recorded. Literary works generally record contemporary events. If events, social history, and cultures are not recorded, such literature is not useful to society. If a piece of literature is not useful to society in any way, it can be considered to be against that human society. Sangam literature has mostly been active in illustrating the lives of contemporary people. Sangam literature has highlighted the life elements and achievements of the people of the five lands in various places. This article attempts to identify the various cultural achievements expressed by the Sangam people and the counter-achievements.
Keywords: Cultural Actions, Counter-Actions, Sangam Tamils, Human Rights.
30. வளைகுடா நாடுகளில் தமிழர் கலாச்சாரமும் தமிழ் கற்பிக்கும் முறைமைகளும்
அ. ரெங்கநாயகி & முனைவர் ஞா. பழனிவேலு
Tamil Culture and Tamil Teaching Methods in the Gulf Countries
A. Renganayaki & Dr. G. Pazhanivelu
Abstract
The Tamil language has the pride of having a great history of its own for many thousands of years. The Tamils lived with their unique tradition and culture with literary effectiveness and grammatical findings where no language had prospered. Tamil is the only language that stands as an epitome of languages among the world's classical languages such as Chinese, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, etc. It is no exaggeration to say that Tamil is the only language that stands as a unique symbol of both the ancient and the new on the world stage. Being a unique classical language, it teaches the world culture and tradition through its literary richness. The structural pattern of Tamil is the reason for most of the world languages to the alphabetic writing system. The article explores the teaching of Tamil language along with Tamil culture for the learners of Tamil in Gulf countries, One can learn that teachers should look at one concept from another to improve students' while teaching and that those who want to simplify learning should fully engage students in learning rather than directly teaching a subject. So, this research article examines the four basic skills that Tamil teachers in the Gulf countries use while teaching Tamil and studies how they act as guides and facilitators for Tamil learning students. This research article also examines the religious, cultural and customs of Tamils who have migrated to the Gulf countries for work or other reasons to pursue higher education, the need for their children to take Tamil lessons in schools and the methods used by teachers to teach Tamil.
Keywords: Gulf Countries, Teaching, Tamil Teachers, Teaching Methods, Tamil Learners.
31. கவிஞர் சக்திஜோதி படைப்புகளில் கலாச்சாரம் மற்றும் பெண்ணியம்
வெ. வளர்மதி & முனைவர் ச. தனலெட்சுமி
Culture and Feminism in the Works of the Poet Sakthi Jothi
V. Valarmathi & Dr. S. Dhanalakshmi
Abstract
In the twentieth century, many types of literature flourished in Tamil. Many poets emerged in the field of literature and wrote numerous poems. Literature originally began with poetry and is considered the mother of all literature. Poetry is a unique art form that arises when imagination and emotion are expressed in a particular form. During this period, poetry flourished, starting with Bharathi and dominating the modern Tamil literary scenario. Then, modern poetry gradually shifted into the hands of women poets. Today, more than a hundred female poets are recognized in the realm of Tamil modern poetry. Most of these female poets are emancipated individuals and a few raise their voices to address and restore justice for the oppressed women in Tamil society. In particular, women poets strongly voiced their struggles to reclaim the liberties long held under male dominance. Bharathiyar sang about Tamil culture and women's rights by emphasizing the unity of Tamils even if they lived in Africa or on distant islands. Bharathidasan advocated for women's liberation and education. In the 1980s, Kulothungan envisioned women as fellow human beings rather than for their physical attributes. Abdul Rahman was known for using metaphors and symbolism in his poetry by emphasizing the idea that, despite the Lord being addressed by different names. Pa. Vijay’s poems reflect society like a mirror. He emphasizes a lifestyle built on self-confidence and portrays the strength of feminism through the character of Kannagi. Sukirtharani expresses the struggles of marginalized communities and highlights the concept of womanhood in her poetry. Among these Tamil poets, Sakthi Jothi stands out for her love of nature and humanity. She excelled at transforming the events and people she encountered in life into poetry. This article aims to reveal the cultural impressions that emerge in human life. Feminism is considered the empowerment of women and the awareness needed to address the problems faced by them. Shakti Jyothi has introduced the concept of environmental feminism, linking nature and women with the Panchabhutas—land, water, air, sky, and fire. She illustrates themes such as offering water to the thirsty, a woman rebuilding her life through self-improvement after losing her husband and child by trading betel leaves, and a woman left alone in her home realizing the gifts and sacrifices of her parents. Shakti Jyothi sheds light on the role of women in the household and explores the concept of motherhood as a feminine virtue. Hence, this essay seeks to highlight the cultural reflections and feminist ideals in her works.
Keywords: Culture, Feminism, Ecofeminism, Women's Rights, Sakthi Jothi.
32. மலசரின் பண்பாட்டு வழக்காறுகள்
முனைவர் பா. விக்னேஷ்குமார்
Cultural Practices of Malasar
Dr. P. Vignesh kumar
Abstract
The term ‘tribals’ normally gives the belief that they are humans dwelling in forest areas in an uncivilized or primitive way of life. However, this belief desires to be reconsidered. Every ethnic group possess its very own cultural identity. They ponder on their customs, traditions, language, food, apparel, circle of relatives structures and social practices. For example, as individuals from specific villages, states and countries exhibit unique cultural traits that differ based on geographical and social contexts, the same situation applies to indigenous groups. It is beside the point to label both ourselves and others as uncivilized certainly because of differences in food behaviour, living patterns, or relative systems of life. In the same way, it is incorrect to assume that tribal people lack cultural or civilizational improvement. In Tamil Nadu, several aboriginal tribal groups reside in different regions of Tamil Nadu. Malasar tribal community is one of the very important indigenous tribal groups who live in the upper western ghats of Tamil Nadu. This article examines the cultural practices and traditions of the Malasar tribal community who inhabit the dense forest region of Aaliyar in the Coimbatore district.
Keywords: Malasar People, Indigenous People, Culture, Aliyar, Coimbatore.
33. பெரியார் சிந்தனையில் உருவான இயக்கக் கூறுகள்
ம. விசயஆனந்து & முனைவர் ந. லெனின்
Movements and Ideologies Emerged from the Thoughts of Periyar
M. Vijayanand & Dr. N. Lenin
Abstract
Thoughts emerging from profound thinking and rationality can create deep experiences. When one deeply begins to think one will have a habit of analyzing it scientifically. The custom of scientific research can solve any problem. Periyar at the age of ten took business. He has a natural enthusiasm and has the habit of asking and questioning ‘why’ and ‘how’ to any matter. As a result of this character, he came into contact with many people through whom he had many experiences and truths. He boldly broke all barriers that constrain thinking and doings that were considered to be sin. It is a fact that from his experience he acquired and lived up to good lessons, goals and life-guiding principles. His bad experiences at a chattram in Kasi where he was not allowed to eat due to his non-brahminic caste changed his lifestyle. His experience in Kasi has radically transformed his life goals and radical thought. His personal experience sharpened his rational thinking. It gave him thought of eradicating enslaving others, unjust acts and superstitions. His remarkable experience inculcated the thought of creating a rational society. His experience has made a constructive ideology and formed him as a man of action. He was a man of live action and his actions were based on real facts. He became the pioneer of the salient features of the movement which is very challenging, radical and empowering. His thoughts and experience are rooted in a rational movement that builds a liberated society. Hence, the article studies the movements and ideologies that emerged from the thoughts of Periyar.
Keywords: Experience, Thoughts, Periyar, Movement, Rationality.
34. வாலியின் திரைப்பாடல்களில் தமிழ்ப் பண்பாடு
கு. வித்யா & முனைவர் கோ. கிருஷ்ணன்
Tamil Culture in the Film Songs of Vaali
K. Vidhya & Dr. G. Krishnan
Abstract
Tamil is one of the world’s oldest languages and stands as a witness to the rich cultural and historical legacy of the Tamil people and culture. Its antiqueness is evident through both internal and external verses of Sangam poetry. They trace back over three thousand years and remain surprising and inspiring to read and enjoy from Sangam literature. This literature offers profound insights into the cultural, social and literary achievements of the Tamil civilization and highlights its linguistic richness and sophisticated cultural norms. The Tamil people of the Sangam age exhibited harmony between language, culture and traditions that are still revered today. The term ‘culture’ in Tamil is ‘paṇpadu’ which refers to the enhancement and refinement of civilization. The development of Tamil society and its intellectual progress reflects the evolution of both knowledge and culture in the society. As civilizations advance, cultural practices, values and artistic expressions also evolve. Sangam texts reflect the growth of the Tamil culture. In present times, cinema is one of the key mediums for portraying Tamil culture. It is called ‘Tiraiyisai’ in Tamil. Many Tamil poets excelled in portraying Tamil sense and living through their songs. Poets like Vaali focus on Tamil society's cultural and moral values and they become key contributors to the cultural discourse. So, this paper explores how the works of the Tamil Poet Vaali reflect various aspects of Tamil identity, ethical values, social practices and cultural pride in the cine songs.
Keywords: Tamil Civilization, Tamil Culture, Film Songs, Tamil Poet Vaali.
35. அழகிய பெரியவனின் படைப்புலகில் விரவும் இசைக் கலைஞர்கள் வாழ்வியல் பண்பாடு
முனைவர் சு. விமல்ராஜ்
Lifestyle and Culture of the Musicians Seen in Azhakiya Periyavan Works
Dr. S. Vimalraj
Abstract
Civilized people say that urbanization is the manifestation of man's search for knowledge by building a new living environment. The creation of a city can be called the structure for the emergence of civilization. Such urbanization destroys the lives of those who are more oppressed than those who are in a higher position in the economy. This novel records various incidents as evidence of the lifestyle and cultural aspects of artists that are destroyed by urbanization. This novel reveals two functional signs. One is the urbanization element, and the other is the lifestyle and culture of artists that are destroyed. The life of artists is different from the life of other people. This novel beautifully describes the way urbanization turns a musician’s life upside down. Aesthetics prevails in many places in the novel. This novel is a testament to the fact that the pain and hurt of a man struggling with poverty can be told in the midst of fiction without changing its truthfulness. This story, set in the twenty-first century, sets the scene to symbolize the great line that runs between two points among musicians: classical artists and melodists. This paper also questions the dichotomy between the lives of artists, from the elite to the downtrodden. This paper attempts to examine the pressures that urbanization has brought to bear on the lives of musicians, the way it has disrupted the lives of artists, and the resulting economic and cultural decline of artists.
Keywords: Lifestyle, Culture, Musicians, Azhakiya Periyavan, Works.
36. பொன்னீலனின் மறுபக்கம் புதினத்தில் சமூக சமத்துவத்தை நோக்கிய போராட்டங்களும் தீர்வுகளும்
திருமதி சு.வினோதா & முனைவர் மு. அனுசுயா தேவி
Struggles and Solutions Toward Social Equality in Ponnelan’s Novel Marupakkam
Mrs. S. Vinotha & Dr. M. Anusuya Devi
Abstract
In the Travancore areas, the Tamil people are downtrodden due to the language problem are denied even the common privileges of the society and suffer many atrocities. They are shown in the novel “Marupakkam” written by Ponneelan. They are treated as untouchables, are not allowed to enter the temples, and are not allowed to use the ponds and rivers. Even the wages for the labour are denied by the landlords. They were treated in a very bad manner. Their lands were grabbed from them and lived without any resources. On having no land of their own, they have to work for others on other people's lands as workers for food and shelter. Women were also taxed for wearing clothing and taxes were collected for covering their breasts. The Tamil people suffer as an underdeveloped society where the youth are denied the opportunity to study and get government jobs. The Tamil people conducted various protests such as the Abolishment of Untouchability, Thol Seelai Protest, Temple Entry Protest, Slavery Abolition Protest, Kumari district formation protest etc to ensure their rights. In the end, these problems were brought to the attention of the London missionaries and solved before independence.
Keywords: Struggle, Solution, Social Equality, Ponnelan, Novel, Marupakkam.
37. கவிஞர் கண்ணதாசன் படைப்புகளில் தமிழ்ப் பண்பாடும் கலாச்சாரமும்
ந. விஜயலட்சுமி & முனைவர் செ. மகேஸ்வரி
Tamil Culture and Tradition in the Works of Kannadasan
N. Vijayalakshmi & Dr. S. Maheswari
Abstract
Kannadasan is a poet who created timeless epics and poems in Tamil literature. His contributions to the Tamil literary world shaped the thoughts and feelings of the Tamil masses. He is renowned for bringing the deeper meanings of literary works to the common people giving new life to their emotions and sensibilities. He has propagated the social consciousness and guided human society with his poetic prowess with moral output. His concept of literary craftsmanship involves evaluating the quality of ideas that reveal the essence of life. Kannadasan is a unique literary figure who has encapsulated the finest aspects of Tamil scholarship and culture. His literary works transcend the boundaries of ordinary creativity and have left an indelible mark in literature. Therefore, the poems and songs written by the poet reflect not only his literary genius but also his personal growth and experiences. Kannadasan’s works encompass a wide range of themes, including individual morality, social reflections, family relationships, love, nature, language, nationalism and religion. These themes illustrate his deep engagement with life and its complexities. One can understand how Kannadasan's works serve as a reflection of the cultural ethos and the socio-political situations of his time. His ability to create traditional Tamil values with modern expressions in his poetry and lyrics offers an important understanding of the connection of art, culture and society in Tamil literature. Nevertheless, this paper will study the lasting legacy of Kannadasan through his literary contributions.
Keywords: Tamil Culture, Tradition, Works, Kannadasan.
38. சங்ககாலத் தமிழரின் வாழ்வியல் விழுமியக்கூறுகள்
க. ஜான்சி ராணி & முனைவர் க. அமலா கார்த்திகா
Life Values and Ideals of the Sangam Tamil People
G. Jancy Rani & Dr. G. Amala Karthiga
Abstract
There are many concepts and messages about the formation and development of the Ancient Sangam period. The Sangam songs are fine verses that portray Sangam life values, individual life, values of social life, family life, community life and political life of the Sangam Tamils. It has been considered as the golden age of the Tamils. The internal and external life of the Sangam Tamils serves as a mirror of that ancient time that clearly illustrates the domestic life and outer world life of the Tamil people. Among these, the “Agananooru" songs that mention ‘Secret Love’ (Kalavu Kathal) and Chaste Love (Karpu Kathal) and the “Purananooru” songs that mention war and heroism show us the importance of human dignity. They sing of the excellence of man, the harmony of human relations, the subtlety of sentiments and the firmness of morality in Tamil Society. The Sangam literature is the key text of Tamil classical literature that teaches the highest values in human life. The best morality and culture of the Tamil people who lived in the five types of lands of the Sangam period, the chastity of Tamil women, the undying love of men, hospitality, character, and professions they undertake are astounding in facts. This article examines the life values and ideals of the Sangam period.
Keywords: Values, Lifestyle, Social State, Sangam Literature, Tamil Culture.
39. ஐங்குறுநூறு மருதத் திணையில் இயற்கை வளங்கள்
ந. ஜெய்ஸ்ரீ & முனைவர் ந. சுபா
Natural Resources of Maruda Thinai in Ainkurunooru
N. Jaishree & Dr. N. Shubha
Abstract
Tamil is one of the classical languages of the world which is renowned for its rich literature and grammatical findings. The ancient Tamil literature stands as a symbol of the Tamil language’s dignity. The terms "Paattu" (Song) and "Thogai" (Books) are significant in Tamil studies. It is as Ettuthogai and Pattuppattu. The eighteen books are known as Pathinen Melkanakku books which originated from Madurai during the late Sangam period. Among these, the third of the eight books is Ainkurunooru. Through five hymns, the Sangam poets express various aspects of life, food, clothing and shelter. The setting of all these is the unparalleled power of nature. Nature sustains life in this world and supports other beings. The living things depend on land, water and plants. This article aims to explore the natural resources found in the Marudham landscape of Ainkurunooru. Nowadays, human activities are gradually destroying nature and never care for its improvement. Population growth is one of the primary causes of environmental degradation. As the population increases, people exploit natural resources and cut mountains, extracting soil from dried water bodies and constructing settlements in the agricultural and river body areas. Therefore, water and land resources are being depleted and it will negatively impact future generations. So, it is the duty of every one of us to protect nature so that future Tamil communities can continue to prosper on this land.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Ainkurunooru, Marutham Land, Natural Resource.
40. பண்டைய தமிழரின் திருமண முறைகள்
முனைவர் பா. ம. ஜெயகலா
Marriage Customs of the Ancient Tamils
Dr. P. M. Jayakala
Abstract
The marriage custom of the ancient Tamils was a well-established ritual designed to establish ethical order in society. Even rooted in culture, Tamil marriage customs evolved to hold social, non-secular as evidenced in classical literature. This paper explores the various marital practices documented in Sangam songs and highlights their socio-cultural importance. Ancient Tamil marriages were solemnized in multiple forms and reflected cultural ethos. Sevai Thirumanam (Service Marriage) is concerned that a suitor works in the bride’s home to earn her hand, at the same time as Udan Poku Thirumanam (Elopement Marriage) happens while the lover marries without parental consent by elopement. The Eru Thazhuvuthal (Bull-Taming Marriage) symbolises a groom’s valour in which he subdues a bull to prove his bravery. Kappu Thirumanam (Bride-Price Marriage) concerns the groom’s circle of relatives passing on wealth to the bride’s relations, whereas Madal Eruthal (Wooden donkey Marriage), a rejected lover publicly declaring his devotion of love by riding a Palm leaf Hosrse. These practices illustrate the Tamils’ methods of marriage. Love, valour, and social responsibility coexisted in Tamil culture. By studying literary texts like Ainkurunooru, Kalithogai, and Silappadikaram, this research reconstructs the moral and cultural dimensions of ancient Tamil marriages and offers insights to get a clear understanding of ancient Tamil martial traditions.
Keywords: Customs, Tamil Culture, Sangam Classics, Love, Marriage.