தொகுதி - 7, சிறப்பிதழ் - 2, பிப்ரவரி 2025
Volume - 7 Special Issue - 2, February 2025
Articles 01- 49
பதிப்புரை
தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியத்திற்காக எமது தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியப் பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் (Ijtlls) தம் இலக்கிய மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி அரும்பணியைச் செம்மையாகச் செய்து வருகின்றது. யு.ஜி.சி. கேர் (UGC CARE), எம்.எல்.ஏ (MLA) மற்றும் டி.ஓ.ஏ.ஜே (DOAJ) போன்ற ஆய்வுத் தளங்களில் மதிப்பீடு செய்யப்பட்ட எமது ஆய்விதழில் கௌரவ சிறப்பிதழ் ஆசிரியர்களாகப் பணியாற்றிட தன்னார்வம் கொண்ட பேராசிரியர்களுக்கு வாய்ப்பளிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. மேலும், இச்சிறப்பிதழில் பெருமைமிகு பல்கலைக்கழகங்கள், கல்லூரிகள் மற்றும் ஆய்விதழ்களில் இருந்து பங்கு கொண்ட பேராசிரியர்கள் சிறந்த கட்டுரைகளை வழங்கியமைக்கு நன்றியைத் தெரிவித்துக் கொள்கிறேன். தமிழர் கலாச்சாரம் போற்றுதலுக்குரியது. தமிழ் இலக்கியம் பழங்காலம் முதல் இன்றுவரை தொடர்ந்து வளர்ந்து வருகிறது. சங்க இலக்கியம், இடைக்கால இலக்கியம், நவீன இலக்கியம் எனப் பல கட்டங்களில் அது வளம் பெற்றுள்ளது. சங்க நூல்கள், சமய இலக்கியங்கள், புராணங்கள், காப்பியங்கள், புதினங்கள், கவிதைகள் போன்ற பல்வேறு வடிவங்களில் தமிழ் இலக்கியம் சிறப்புற்றது. இலக்கியத்தின் மூலம் தமிழர்களின் வாழ்வியல், பண்பாடு, கருத்துக்கள் பதிவாகியுள்ளன. காலத்தின் தேவைகளுக்கேற்ப இலக்கியம் மாற்றமடைந்து, இன்றும் புதுமைகளுடன் வளர்ந்து கொண்டிருக்கிறது. இச்சிறப்பிதழ், காலந்தோறும் தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தின் வரலாற்று ஓட்டத்தையும் அதன் சிறப்புகளையும் தொகுத்து வழங்குகிறது. அவைதனைக் கொண்டு நாம் சந்தித்து வரும் கலாச்சாரம் சார்ந்த பிரச்சனைகளை அறிந்து கொள்ளவும் அதற்கான சரியான தீர்வுகளை வழங்குவதையும் மையமாகக் கொண்டு காலந்தோறும் தமிழ் இலக்கியம் /Tamil Literature through the Ages எனும் தலைப்பிலான காணொளி கருத்தரங்கம் முன்னெடுக்கப்பட்டு, பேராசிரியர்கள், ஆய்வு மாணவர்கள் மற்றும் தமிழ் ஆர்வலர்களின் சிந்தனைகளின் வழி தமிழ் இலக்கியம், தமிழ்க் கோட்பாடுகள் சார்ந்த ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகள் பெறப்பட்டுள்ளன. தலைசிறந்த பல்கலைக்கழகங்கள், கல்லூரிகள் மற்றும் ஆய்விதழ்களில் தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியம் சிறக்கப் பணியாற்றக்கூடிய பேராசிரியர்கள், ஆய்வு மாணவர்களின் சிந்தனைகளின் வழி பெற்ற தரமான நாற்பத்தி ஒன்பது ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகளைத் தொகுத்து ஆய்வு நெறிமுறைகளின்படி தணிக்கைச் செய்யப்பட்டு, மதிப்புரை வழங்கி, செம்மைப்படுத்தி இணையத்தில் எமது ஆய்விதழ் வாயிலாகச் சிறப்பிதழாகப் பதிப்பித்தமைக்கு அகமகிழ்வடைகிறேன். ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகள் வழங்கி சிறப்பித்தத் தமிழ்ப்பேராசிரியர்கள், எழுத்தாளர்கள், தமிழ் ஆர்வலர்கள் மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி மாணவர்களை மனதாரப் பாராட்டுகிறோம். தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியப் பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் / International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies செம்மையாய் செயல்பட்டு ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரைகளை இணையத்தில் பதிப்பு செய்து வருகின்றது. எதிர்காலத்தில் தமிழ் ஆராய்ச்சிகளை உலக அரங்கத்திற்கு எடுத்துச் செல்ல ஓர் ஆய்வுக்களமாகவும் செயல்பட்டு வருகிறது. அதற்கு உறுதுணை அளித்த அனைவருக்கும் நன்றி.
பதிப்பாசிரியர்
1. எட்டுத்தொகையில் உவகை மெய்ப்பாடு
முனைவர் அ. அக்ஸிலியா மேரி
Joy Physiognomy in Ettuthokai
Dr. A. Auxilia Mary
Abstract
Before the development of spoken language, humans used gestures for communication. Then, gestures evolved into spoken language. Tholkappiyar described eight types of physical manifestations of moods and emotions (Meippaadu). Meippaadu refers to the apparent expression of the body gestures and it is the visible form of the emotions within. Among the eight types of physiognomic expressions, Uvagai Meippaadu (Joy Physiognomy) reflects the joy of the human mind and the well being of the body. This state of joy expression arises from four fundamental factors. They are wealth, knowledge, sexual union and sports. Spoken language is a powerful medium to convey emotional states. When speech expresses inner emotions, it is considered to be a form of Meippaadu. In Sangam literary poems, the emotions of the poets are conveyed through words by making the compositions are emotionally charged. This study examines how Joy Physiognomy (Uvagai Meippaadu) is reflected in physical health, mental joy and literary expression in “Ettuthokai”. The article also explores the manifestations of psychological and physiological possibilities of joyful expressions (Uvagai Meippaadu) as seen in the key representations of classical Tamil literature. It analyzes the human emotional expressions found in Sangam poems through language discourse, similes and longings of sexual union as central themes. This study focuses on joy physiognomy as portrayed in the context of the five landscapes in the cases of Hero and his beloved’s union, separation, awaiting, destitution and reunion that characterize the manifestations of moods and emotions between the lovers in Sangam literature.
Keywords: Joy Physiognomy, Moods, Emotions, Ettuthokai, Sangam Literature.
2. வ. ந. கிரிதரன் நாவல்களில் தாயக நினைவுகள்
ஐ. அமுதா & முனைவர் வே. மணிகண்டன்
Memories of the Homeland in the Novels of V. N. Giritharan
I. Amutha & Dr. V. Manikandan
Abstract
Every person in the world holds an immense love and respect for their mother and their homeland. It is difficult for humans to stay away from their mother and it is also challenging for a one to live away from one's homeland. The Tamils suffered injustice in their homeland Eelam and have migrated to many parts of the world where they can live in peace. Those who are living in foreign lands are those who have left their homeland and still have the longing to return to their motherland soon. The migrant Tamils' memories of the homeland remain fresh and cherished in their hearts forever. In their life, family, a very small event, loving relationships and friendships they had in their homeland become a permanent memory. They have lost everything and long for them in their memories. It is not a matter that one who settles in a wealthy country cannot match it to the homeland and cannot be replaced. The memories of nature and the homeland can never be forgotten by them. V.N. Giritharan is one of the famous diasporic writers from Canada who writes about the nostalgic events of the Eelam migrants to Canada. They faced ethnic cleansing and genocide in Sri Lanka by the rulers. He depicts the nostalgic life of the migrated people with a hard heart in his novels. This article describes the experiences of these migrant Tamil people trying to establish their new lives in new lands with hard hearts constantly filled with the longing for their homeland. It also studies themes such as homesickness, family bonds, childhood memories, environmental changes and nature in the select novels.
Keywords: Tamil Migrants, Memories, Homeland, Novels, V.N. Giritharan.
3. சங்கசமூகத்தில் பாணரினம்
முனைவர் சி. இராமச்சந்திரன்
Panars in Sangam Literature
Dr. C. Ramachandran
Abstract
The greatness of Tamil is celebrated for Iyal (literature), Isai (music) and Natakam (drama). Among them, music stands as a distinct identity of the Tamil people and they excel in this art form even today. Tamil musicians are renowned worldwide. The inseparable union of language and music is unique in Tamil culture. This relationship is not a recent phenomenon but dates back to the origins of the Tamil civilization where music remains an umbilical bond throughout their history. There is authoritative evidence of musical heritage found in the Sangam literature. These classical texts preserved the Tamil musical traditions and reflect the harmonious relationship between poetry and melody. The Sangam works depict the lives of the Tamil musicians, their artistic practices and the instruments they played. Among them, the Paanar community holds a significant place as master musicians and bards. This article tries to study the unique characteristics of the Paanar tribe as portrayed in Sangam literature and explore their musical contributions to Tamil music and culture. By investigating their role in Sangam poems, one can gain insights on how music and literature intertwine to shape Tamil identity and culture. Hence, the study highlights Paanar’s artistic legacy, their instruments and their socio-cultural impact to portray their enduring influence on Tamil heritage. It reaffirms the deep-rooted connection between Tamil Language, music and Panars as a marvel in Tamil culture.
Keywords: Tamil Language, Sangam Literature, Iyal, Isai, Natakam, Panar, Music.
4. நாஞ்சில் நாட்டில் நெல் வேளாண்மை
முனைவர் ஆ. பா. இராமலெட்சுமி
Paddy Agriculture in Nanjil Land
Dr. A. P. Ramalekshmi
Abstract
The Nanjil Nadu region encompasses parts of the Thovalai and Agasteeswaram taluks in Kanyakumari District. It has a great historical and agricultural significance in Tamil Nadu. This place derives its name from two key factors. One is from the rule of Nanjil Valluvan, who is a celebrated local king who governed the land with distinction and the widespread use of the Nanjil (plough) in Marutham (agricultural) lands. In the past, this region has been an agrarian stronghold of paddy and banana cultivation. The connection between the land and its people emphasises an everlasting cultural truth that "Without soil, there is no human existence." It is the evidence of the present awareness of climate change and eco-criticism. Despite the critical role of agriculture, modern society often neglects sustainable land, lured by scientific advancements for profit and creates ecological crises. Traditional farming practices in Nanjil Nadu emphasise the preservation of soil health and ancestral Tamil intellectual knowledge. At present, Rice and banana cultivation remain predominant in the Nanjil region’s agrarian identity. This study examines the historical, cultural and agricultural inheritance of Nanjil Nadu and portrays the integration of traditional ecological knowledge into contemporary agricultural practices. By analysing the region’s farming techniques, socio-economic dependence on agriculture and the philosophical respect for land, the paper supports sustainable agrarian policies. Hence, the paper emphasises the need for balancing modernisation with ecological responsibility from the sustainable agricultural knowledge of Nanjil Nadu.
Keywords: Nanjil Nadu, Traditional Agriculture, Paddy Cultivation, Sustainable Farming, Tamil Agrarian History.
5. சங்ககால இனக்குழு சார்ந்த நிலவுடமை சமுதாயத்தின் வேளாண்மை
அ. இலட்சுமணன் & முனைவர் பா. ஜெயமேரி
Agricultural Practices in Sangam-Era Tribal and Early Landowning Communities
A. Lakshmanan & Dr. P. Jayamary
Abstract
Agriculture served as the basis of life for the Sangam people. It shaped their socio-economic and cultural structure. Initially, Tamil people operated within a tribal lifestyle and relied on collected food assets such as vegetables and meat without a transition to a civilised society. From this tribal structure, Tamil society emerged as a land-based (Thinai) society and the early agricultural practices consisted of Punsai agriculture (Wetland agriculture) and Nansai agriculture (Dryland agriculture). These structures reflect the slow formation of land cultivation and resource control. As political regimes evolved, the king’s rule marked vast improvements in farming techniques in the fertile Marudam Land (Agricultural Field Area) and heightened agricultural prosperity. Sangam literature highlights the nature of agriculture and portrays it as both an economic necessity and a cultural importance. The transition from a tribal group to a systematic cultivation portrays the expansive social shift toward a settled community. By understanding the ancient agricultural practices, this article emphasises the dynamics between land and political power in early Tamil society. The agrarian improvements under different regimes contributed to socio-economic stability and reinforced the enduring significance of agriculture in the Sangam life. This study also offers insights into the early function of agriculture in shaping the early Sangam Tamil civilisation. Hence, this article explores various agricultural practices documented in the Sangam literature with textual evidence.
Keywords: Agriculture, Practice, Sangam-Era, Tribal Group, Landowning Community.
6. தமிழர் அறிவுடைப் படைப்புகளில் மூவாயிரம் தமிழ் மந்திரம்
முனைவர் சி. உமா சாரதா
Three Thousand Tamil Mantras in the Intellectual Knowledge of the Tamils
Dr. S. Uma Saradha
Abstract
The “Thirumandiram” is an influential Tamil spiritual and esoteric scripture composed by the siddhar Thirumoolar. Thirumoolar is revered as an enlightened Naanmarai yogi. He articulates a holistic vision of existence based on the Saiva Siddhanta philosophy. The rational and logical ideas are enticing with pragmatic and aesthetic dimensions of Tamil intellectual knowledge. “Thirumandiram” represents a profound synthesis of mystical, spiritual, philosophical, and medical thoughts in Tamil. As a comprehensive compilation of 3,000 hymns dependent into nine tantras (thematic divisions) and 230 chapters, this work transcends conservative non-secular discourse by integrating numerous disciplines such as metaphysics, ethics, arts, linguistics, medicine, astronomy and ecology. Many scholarly studies in Tamil and abroad recognise “Thirumandiram” as a foundation of the Tamil intellectual background. It is still studied and researched for its encyclopedic scope and enduring relevance to life and its mystical quality. This study examines the multidisciplinary outline of “Thirumandiram” by emphasising its contributions to Tamil premodern scholarship and its potential ways for progressive interdisciplinary dialogue in Tamil intellectual knowledge. Hence, this paper highlights the unique role of “Thirumandiram” as a religious resource and a compendium of philosophic experience and medical knowledge.
Keywords: Thirumandiram, Tamil Literature, Saiva Siddhanta, Yogic Philosophy, Ancient Sciences.
7. இசைத்தமிழ் நோக்கில் திருவாசகம்
அ. ஞா. உமாமகேஸ்வரி & முனைவர் சி. ஷகிலாபானு
Thiruvasagam in the Perspective of Tamil Music
A. G. Umamaheswari & Dr. S. Shagilabanu
Abstract
Tamil literature holds an eternal legacy, with remarkable works like the Sangam literature, devotional hymns, and classical epics that enrich its tradition. Among these, devotional musical literature occupies a significant place. One of its finest examples is “Thiruvasagam” by Manickavasakar, known as the eighth Thirumurai. This devotional treatise stands out for its beautiful devotional language and profound spiritual meaning. While Sangam literature often reflects worldly experiences, Saiva literature like “Thiruvasagam” leads the soul towards liberation and eternal bliss from this mortal world. “Thiruvasagam” is not only a collection of hymns but also a reflection of the deep emotional bond between the devotee and the divine. It explains the essential qualities needed to move beyond sensual pleasures and attain the divine state. It offers spiritual blessings, emotional insights and philosophical depth to attain liberty. It connects the human experience with divine realisation. A unique aspect of “Thiruvasagam” is its use of music as a medium of devotion. Music has the power to move hearts and leave lasting impressions on anyone. Even Lord Shiva is a great admirer of music. Religious leaders recognised this, and many hymns were composed in musical forms to convey devotional messages to the people. The songs of “Thiruvasagam” are rich in emotion, melody and spiritual intensity. The English transliteration lines of the Tamil saying “Thiruvasagatthukku Urugar Oru Vasakathukkum Urugar” render the power of “Thiruvasagam” that can melt hearts. Hence, this study explores the musical and devotional richness of “Thiruvasagam”.
Keywords: Thiruvasagam, Manickavasakar, Perspective, Tamil Music.
8. மலைபடுகடாமில் இடைச்சொற்கள்
மு. உமையாம்பிகை & முனைவர் சு. இராசாராம்
Interjections in Malaipadukadam
M. Umaiyambigai & Dr. S. Rajaram
Abstract
The grammar of the Tamil language plays an important role in the system of stating the glory of a Tamil language to the world. The primary text among Tamil grammar texts is the “Tolkappiyam”. The grammatical rules of “Tolkappiyam” explain the grammar of alphabets, words and meanings. In it, the subject of interjections is included to explain the role of interjections in spoken and written vocabulary. In this book, Tolkappiyar mentions 48 types of interjections in 48 verses. This interjection is seen as being able to function independently and depend on nouns and verbs of the language. Tolkappiyar classified interstitial words (idai-chol) into seven categories. They are those that reveal the essence and tenses when two words are combined, the temporal markers that indicate time, the case markers (vetrumai urupugal), auxiliary particles that carry no independent meaning, phonologically enhancing words (isai-niraich-chol), indexical or deictic words that derive meaning from context and simile markers (uvama urupugal). Hence, this article aims to examine how the five interjections such as “Thil”, “Mandra”, “Igum”, “Ena”, and “Odu” in “Malaipadukadam” examine the richness of grammar through this approach in conjunction with nouns and verbs to reflect the meaning and life environment of the Koothar people.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Malaipadukadam, Interjection, Tamil Grammar.
9. சோ. தர்மன் நாவல்களில் வழிபாடும் நம்பிக்கைகளும்
வி. உஷா பிரிஸ்டியா வில்சன் & முனைவர் நே. நிஷா நேவிஸ்
Worship and Beliefs in the Novels of Cho. Dharman
W. Usha Pristrya Wilson & Dr. N. Nisha Navis
Abstract
The development of spiritual practices reveals a profound interconnection between nature, fear and the progress of worship traditions. It was initially rooted in nature worship. The early human societies attributed natural disasters to divine vengeance for disobedience, fostering rituals to pacify the apparent forces. This sort of practice provided psychological comfort and hope to the ancient men, and they gradually formalised into structured belief systems and exist as worship methods. As societies evolved, idol worship emerged from the acknowledgement of supernatural power in objects. Ancestor worship gained prominence and reflects the veneration for the forefathers to get protection. Memorial practices, such as the erection of stones for fallen warriors, also transitioned into deity worship. The creation of minor deities has been categorised into clan, village and household gods. It marked the diversity of spiritual practices. Cho. Dharman is one of the prolific Tamil writer who bring the Tamil culture to the reading audience through his novels. There is ethnographic evidence from the works of Cho. Dharman which highlights the worship of Ayyanar Swami as a guardian deity in Urulaikudi village. It exemplifies the belief in divine protection. This study estimates how ancestor worship and the veneration of sages and the dead ones became institutionalised within the customs of the community. By examining these historical and anthropological transitions from the novel, the paper portrays the socio-cultural customs that transformed primal fears and communal memories into religious traditions.
Keywords: Worship, Beliefs, Novels, Cho. Dharman, Tamil Literature.
10. பெரியபுராணத்தில் வேளாண்குடி மரபுகள்
பா. எழில்செல்வன் & முனைவர் ஆ. ஜோசப் சகாயராஜ்
Agricultural Traditions in Periyapuranam
DB. Ezhilselvan & Dr. A. Joseph Sagayaraj
Abstract
Sekkizhar composed Periyapuranam. He collected internal evidence from the Thirumurais, temple inscriptions, copperplates and Sasanas and external evidence from oral accounts of the Shiva devotees. He created a biographical epic centred on their devotion by visiting their birthplaces and the places they lived. Their lives are essential for humanity dedicated by Tamil society. Sekkizhar deserves credit for venerating the Nayanmars who fostered the devotional tradition in Tamil Nadu. Periyapuranam is a sacred text celebrating the lives of the Tamil saints and the miracles of lord Shiva. It bestows merit upon and serves as a comprehensive religious memoir for the Tamils. It shows the lives of devotees of unwavering devotion to Lord Shiva and received divine blessings. As an epitome of the twelve Saiva Thirumurai, Periyapuranam guides devotees on the path to salvation. Sekkizhar’s literary and spiritual wisdom has been evident in the great Purana of the Saiva tradition. It blends epic poetry with biographical and historical perspectives. The epic reveals Tamil cultural and religious values through the lives of the saints. It also portrays the valuable insights of the agricultural community and their practices. The connection between agricultural practices and the Nayanmars depicted in Periyapuranam is being studied in the article. Hence, Periyapuranam reflects the transformation during the post-Sangam period towards keen agricultural practices. Sekkizhar portrays the life of the Tamil people in a traditional manner. Thus, Periyapuranam illustrates the devotional life of the Tamil Nayanmars and also reveals the culture, Saiva religion and traditions of the Tamil society.
Keywords: Agriculture, Tradition, Periyapuranam, Sekkizhar, Nayanmar.
11. திருப்புகழில் இடம்பெறும் வழக்குச் சொற்கள்
ச. கண்ணம்மாள் & முனைவர் க. புவனேஸ்வரி
Vernacular Words used in Thiruppukazh
S. Kannammal & Dr. K. Bhuvaneshwari
Abstract
“Tiruppukazh” is a noteworthy work of worship along “Tirukkural” and “Tirumantiram” in the Tamil literature. As the saying goes, "Sandam belongs to Arunagiri" - Arunagirinathar was the poet who composed these resonant hymns in rhythmic verse (sandam kavi) to devotedly praise Lord Saravanabhava (Murugan). One must study “Tiruppukazh” to appreciate the exquisite beauty of classical Tamil (Senthamizh) and to understand the divine grace and splendour of Lord Muruga. This hermeneutic parallels Nakkeerar’s “Tirumurukarruppadai” and guides devotees toward spiritual liberation depicting Murugan’s majestic presence in his six sacred abodes (Arupadaiveedu). Arunagirinathar’s “Tiruppukazh” praises Murugan’s glory in these six holy sites and celebrates his omnipresent divine presence across India and Eelam. Literary works serve as cultural archives by capturing the linguistic, environmental and socio-cultural features of their time. This study examines the non-Tamil vernacular terms (Vazhakku Sol) used in “Tiruppukazh” by analyzing their semantic evolution and usage. The research employs textual analysis to decode Arunagirinathar’s lexical usage by revealing the connections between devotional and medieval Tamil linguistics. Further, it investigates how Arunagirinathar’s work preserves historical vernacular words while contributing to literary and religious identity. This paper also places “Tiruppukazh” as a spiritual masterpiece and a linguistic resource and offers deeper insights into the cultural and devotional practices of 15th-century Tamil Nadu.
Keywords: Tiruppukazh, Arunagirinathar, Lexical Analysis, Case Words, Vernacular Case.
12. புறநானூற்றில் கலாச்சாரப் பதிவுகள்
முனைவர் வீ. கவிதா
Cultural Records in Purananooru
Dr. V. Kavitha
Abstract
Literature is doing a great job of refining humanity. It indeed reveals the personality, emotions and noble thoughts of a man. A literary work that originated in that country presents the antiquity, culture and ability of a country to the world. “Ettuthogai” (eight Collections) and Pattuppattu (Ten Idylls) are praised for their excellent literary exposition. These literary works develop the characters with keen study and portray the love and bravery of the Tamil people. These virtues are projected as two eyes of a human. These literatures explain the lives of the Tamils who lived two thousand years ago. Among the Sangam literature that highlights the glory of the Tamils is the “Purananooru”. It is a literary work that dates back about two thousand years. Many Tamil and Indology scholars believe that the period of the poems in the “Purananooru” is from 1000 BC to 300 AD. Tamils tried to improve life through experience and maturity. As a result of that effort, cultural awareness was formed and developed. When the man started living his life in a better way, he set his boundaries and decided to live amidst them. Those norms later transformed into culture and became a symbol that identified a man individually. Here, the paper analyses the cultural records with a unique identity to identify the way of life during the Sangam times. It aims to examine such Tamil cultural elements from a modern perspective. “Purananooru” serves as a cultural treasury of the Tamils and also highlights cultural records of political life, social life, and the lifestyles of the people.
Keywords: Tamil Culture, Food, Hospitality, Water Resources, Purananooru.
13. குளம்படி புதினத்தில் வெளிப்படும் சங்க இலக்கியக்
கட்டமைப்புகள் சார் ஒப்பீட்டு ஆய்வு
ச. காளிராஜ்(எ)சிவசக்திவேல் & முனைவர் பெ. சுமதி
A Comparative Study of Sangam Literary Structures Revealed in the Novel Kulambadi
S. Kaliraj@Sivasakthivel & Dr. P. Sumathi
Abstract
This study explores the socio-economic and agricultural changes of early human communities within the Kurinji land and surrounding regions. It traces their evolution of the ancient Tamil society from herd hunter-gatherers to agriculturalists. As they migrated, they converted forests into agricultural lands, cultivated grains and improved soil fertility with manure. The improvement of water systems such as canals, ponds and dams facilitated irrigated agriculture. The studies also examine the cultural narratives of pastoral groups, especially Kurunji shepherds herding sheep, cows and buffaloes in mountainous and forested regions. It compares the novel “Kulambadi” with the above-mentioned glimpses from Sangam literature that reflect early agrarian and pastoral existence. It highlights the pastoral practices and ecological interactions portrayed in the novel “Kulambadi”. The comparative study reveals how Tamil traditional knowledge structures as depicted in Sangam poetry align with the portrayals in the novel Kulambadi. Through an interdisciplinary analysis, it highlights the interdependence of cattle management, irrigation and agriculture in shaping the subsistence techniques. It contributes to the discussions on sustainable use of land, historical ecology and the cultural memories of Tamil pastoral communities. The findings emphasise the adaptive resilience of the people of the Sangam Kurunji people and the characters of the novel seem to be in harmony amidst pastoral and agricultural livelihoods or finding the way towards ecological limits.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Glimpses, Kulampadi, Novel, Comparative Study.
14. நெடுநல்வாடையில் முதற்பொருள் மயக்கம்
அ. கீதா & முனைவர் ஆ. நளினி சுந்தரி
Primary Subject Ambiguity in Nedunalvadai
A. Geetha & Dr. A. Nalini Sundhari
Abstract
TThis study examines Primary Subject Ambiguity (Mudharporul Mayakkam) in “Nedunalvadai”, where the palai (arid) landscape is intermingled with seasonal and temporal elements of other Tinais (landscapes). Particularly, the poem mentions kurinji (mountainous) ‘season’ (koodal) and mullai (pastoral) ‘evening time’, leading to a blending status of mayakkam of Tinai conventions. The study analyses how the three core elements of Akam poetry, such as ‘mudhal’ (primary), ‘karu’ (secondary), and ‘uri’ (emotive), intertwine together and create ambiguity in poetic interpretation. It also draws upon thirteen classical Tamil grammatical texts from “Tolkappiyam” to later ‘Aruvaga Ilakkanam’ (six-fold grammar) works by comparing their interpretations of mudhal, karu, and uri in akam theory. The divergences between “Tolkappiyam” and post-Tolkappiyam texts are identified. It observes the blending of nilam (landscape) and pozuthu (time). Sangam literary examples are cited to illustrate how landscape and time ambiguities manifest in poetry. When the primary subject (mudharporul) is not explicitly stated, karu (secondary motifs) and uri (emotional context) become crucial in determining the Tinai. It investigates how later grammatical texts deviate from “Tolkappiyam” in interpreting karu and uri mayakkam (ambiguity) supported by the Sangam literary evidence. So, a close reading of “Nedunalvadai” highlights how primary subject ambiguity operates and enriches the poem's meanings while challenging rigid Tinai classifications. It also contributes to the discussions on Sangam poetics, Tinai theory and the dynamic interplay between landscape, time, and emotion in Sangam Tamil Literature.
Keywords: Sanga Ilakkiam, Nedunalvadai, Primary Subject Ambiguity, Thinai Idealogy.
15. கண்மணி குணசேகரனின் நடுநாட்டுச் சொல்லகராதியை
முன்வைத்து நடுநாட்டுச் சொற்கள்
க. கோபிநாத் & முனைவர் இரா. சதாசிவம்
Presentation of Midland Words (Nadunattuch Chorkal) by Kanmani Gunasekaran's Nadunattuch Chollakarathi
G. Gopinath & Dr. R. Sathasivam
Abstract
The Tamil people integrated the essence of life into their existence and their language reflects their everlasting cultural and intellectual heritage. Language serves as a medium in understanding social history and many scholars have long performed linguistic studies to explore its unique characteristics. Over time, while some words have faded from use, new ones have emerged and reflect the dynamic evolution of Tamil. Kanmani Guna Sekaran’s dictionary is an essential resource for Tamil linguists and cultural historians for research on middle regional Tamil lexicons to safeguard linguistic heritage. This article is a study of Mid-Land words about Kanmani Guna Sekaran’s “Nadunattu Chollakarathi” which documented the linguistic richness of the Nadunadu region of Tamil Nadu that encompass the areas such as Cuddalore, Panrutti, Thirukovilur, Virudhachalam, and Vadalur. This dictionary preserves many archaic words that are still in use. Kanmani Guna Sekaran’s work is pioneering as the first dedicated lexicon for the Nadunattu dialect. It offers semantic and etymological insights into regional vocabulary. So, the study examines the “Nadunattu Chollakarati” to understand the phonological, morphological and sociolinguistic features of the words of the Central Tamil Nadu dialect. The paper highlights the cultural and historical significance of regional dialects in Tamil Nadu’s linguistic identity. It also aims to trace the etymological roots of Midland (Nadunattu terms) and investigate them. Thereby, the study assesses the dictionary’s impact on conserving endangered words of this dialect.
Keywords: Tamil Nadunattu Chorkal, Kanmani Guna Sekaran, Nadunattu Chollakarathi.
16. அகநானூற்றில் மூவேந்தர்களின் சிறப்புகள்
அ. சங்கீதா & முனைவர் அ. தெய்வவள்ளி
Merits of the Moovendhers in Akananooru
A. Sangeetha & Dr. A. Deivavalli
Abstract
The Sangam literary works serve as a representation of the ancient Tamil people's civilisation, culture and life. Among them, “Agananooru” holds an eminent position. It is one of the “Ettuthogai” books (Eight Anthologies) and comes under the title Agam (Inner Life). In general, Sangam literature portrays both the private (Agam) and public (Puram) life of the Tamil custom. At that time, kings excelled in valour and generosity and lived as exemplary figures and guides the society toward righteous living. “Agananooru” is one of the prominent Sangam texts that contains historical references to the Tamil triumvirs (Moovendhars) such as the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas. It also mentions a hundred other rulers and patrons such as Tidiyan, Nannan, Pari and Kari for their bravery and charity. This article highlights how these triumvirs fostered supreme prosperity and social well-being, as documented in “Agananooru”. The poems illustrate how the governance of the great Tamil kings nurtured ecology, economic stability and culture. “Agananooru” documents the political history and also encodes the relationship between Tamil rulers and their land. The poems emphasise environmental protection and reverence (e.g., Marutham agrarian landscapes) and democratic values (e.g., patronage of poets and warriors). They reveal socio-ecological consciousness and highlight how “Agananooru” remains a resource for renovating Tamil civilizational ethics by its capacity to harmonise the world.
Keywords: Merits, Triumvirs, Agananooru, Sangam Literature, Virtue.
17. தமிழ்ப் புதுக்கவிதையில் பெண்களின் நிலை
முனைவர் பா. சங்கீதா
Status of Women in Tamil New Poetry
Dr. B. Sangeetha
Abstract
Tamil New Poetry is often defined as the unsurpassable imprint of its time. It reflects the socio-political and emotional settings in which it is created. Through this modern genre, the modern poets chronicle their personal experiences and societal events and cultural shifts that define their environment. Tamil New Poetry functions as a dynamic socio-literary work of art that portrays the collective conscience of the times. In the context of contemporary literature, Tamil New Poetry serves as a powerful medium of portraying the aspirations, struggles and transformative ideals of the Tamil society. It transcends the conventional role of literature as a source of aesthetic pleasure by evolving into a critical voice that confronts social problems. Among the various themes, the lives and experiences of women, their struggles, marginalisation and resilience occupy a prominent place. The poets of Tamil New Poetry have illustrated the multifaceted dimensions of women's lives by highlighting issues such as domestic subjugation, gender discrimination, identity crises and the longing for freedom and dignity. These poetic expressions are not only subjective, but they represent a collective resistance against patriarchal domination and function as a social reform. This paper seeks to explore the thematic representation of women and their status in the view of feminist consciousness as articulated in Tamil New Poetry. Hence, the study aims to reveal how modern Tamil poets employ this new genre as a tool to interrogate social, gender-based injustices and advocate for an unbiased social order.
Keywords: Women, Social Existence, Status of Women, New Tamil Poetry.
18. மானுடப் பண்பாட்டுக் கூறுகளும் அதன் சிதைவுநிலை ஆக்கங்களும்
ரெ. சத்ய சுந்தரம் & முனைவர் தி. நடராஜன்
Elements of Human Culture and its Decaying Forms
R. Sathya Sundharam & Dr. T. Natarajan
Abstract
Literature records the lives of people. Tamil Literature absorbs everything from the words of the people, the objects they use, their relationship with nature, the songs they sing, the dances they perform and the various artistic techniques they practice. Literary work makes historical documentation so that the cultural value of a group of people or a nation remains integral over time. Solai Sundaraperumal is a prolific Tamil writer. The works of Solai Sundaraperumal serve as an epitome of time and a literary treasury that reveals the customs, beliefs, culture, arts and lifestyles of the Tamil people living in the rural areas of Thanjavur district. It is a kind of strategy to remember and write about current events without preparing people for reading fiction. Writers should have the mindset to share the lives of the people without looking at themselves within their thoughts. Solai Sundaraperumal is one of the writers who used language in the right way to reach people. He portrays the politics of the people and land of Thanjavur district in his works. Keezhavenmani is located in the border area of Thanjavur district. Now, it is a part of Nagapattinam district. Most of the agricultural people who live in the Cauvery basin are agricultural workers. They were born in the soil, lived in the soil and toiled in the fields. In Keezhavenmani, forty-four people were locked in the huts and burned. It shows the higher caste discrimination over the lower caste people. It is an attack on the sons and daughters of the soil and a great injustice against the innocent people. They were made into ashes. Activists from all over the country raised their voices on this inhuman act. This article examines the decaying human values for pride and riches through the work of Solai Sundaraperumal focusing on such events.
Keywords: Cultural Elements, Solai Sundaraperumal, Tamil Literature, Cultural Decay.
19. ஆண்டாள் பிரியதர்ஷினி சிறுகதைகளில் காணலாகும் பெண்களின் வாழ்வியல் சிக்கல்கள்
ரா. சத்யா செல்வி & முனைவர் ம. கீதா
Tribulations of Women’s Life in the Short Stories of Andal Priyadharshini
R. Sathya Selvi & Dr. M. Geetha
Abstract
From ancient times, literature has portrayed the life of humans and the expression of the self. This sort of literary tradition continues from the Sangam period to modern Tamil literature. A society functions by centring on women's lives and their living conditions. It is often a fine distinction that contemporary Tamil writers reflect in their works. Such literature emerges through a feminist perspective with its origins traced to the late twentieth century. Women face many challenges from birth to death. It is a theme explored in Tamil literary works. These issues are evident in Andal Priyadarshini’s short stories. Her stories discuss themes such as economic hardships, the struggles of unmarried women and marital distrust where husbands suspect their wives. The article brings an inclusive summary by emphasizing the universal nature of these challenges faced by women. Feminist literary critique deciphers how patriarchal structures perpetuate women’s subjugation, framing their experiences within socio-economic and cultural constraints. Modern Tamil literature also investigates them through the realities of life on how women face oppression and subjugation. It offers a transformative discourse in the feminist approach of Tamil short stories. The late 20th century marked the formalization of such feminist literary analysis in Tamil literature. It continues to evolve by addressing women-centred oppressions and advocates for gender equality. Hence, this paper depicts the tribulations of women in the short stories of Andal Priyadarshini.
.Keywords: Women, Life, Tribulations, Andal Priyadarshini, Short Stories.
20. இருபத்தொன்றாம் நூற்றாண்டில் புறநானூற்றின் எளிமையும் புதுமையும்
ர. சதீஷ் குமார் & முனைவர் சு. சரஸ்வதி
Simplicity and Innovation of Purananooru in the Twenty-First Century
R. Sathish Kumar & Dr. S. Saraswathy
Abstract
Literature has been esteemed in the Tamil world for many ages. Sangam literature is the oldest literature and contains valuable records of the ancient life of the Tamil people. The poets have recorded the concepts of internal (Agam) and external (Puram) aspects of life through the songs. The books Eight Anthologies and Ten Idylls are called Sangam Classical Literature. Consistent research books are important to reveal the subtlety of life expressed in the internal and external songs. From those studies, one can learn about love and life in the Agam life of the people and about regime, war, gifts, friendship, hospitality, worship, rituals, sports and other elements of life in the Puram life. Along with them, it is seen that the songs sung by the poets have been studied. Purananooru is one of the Sangam literary works. There is a personal attraction among the people to reveal the life elements revealed in Purananooru. To understand this, six books have been made available in the twenty-first century. They are Aathe Nila, Ilakiya Manamum Manaamum, Purananootrup Pudumai, Purananooru Alla Idu Pudu Nanooru, Paariyum Kapilarum- Varalatruk Kurunkaviam, and Aadhiyaman Neduman Anji. These books are written to simplify and clarify Purananooru and the impact of human emotions caused by them. They have been created by using the techniques of story, poetry and text. These efforts simplified the events about the war and the lives of the people who are registered in Purananooru and made them accessible to everyone. This article examines the antiquity of the Purananooru and the innovations in the study of it.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Purananuru, Hospitality, Worship, Ritual.
21. அ. முத்துலிங்கம் சிறுகதைகளின் படைப்பாக்கத்திறன்
ஏ. சந்தானலட்சுமி & முனைவர் வே. மணிகண்டன்
Creative Ability in the Short Stories of A. Muthulingam
E. Sandhanalaksmi & Dr. V. Manikandan
Abstract
Migration has been a social phenomenon throughout human history. Due to the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka, many Tamil people migrated before and after the year 1983 and settled in various countries. The migrant writers created literary works such as poems, short stories, novels, and plays that reflect their experiences in the new places they had settled. Among these diasporic literary writings, short stories play a significant role in portraying the stories of their life. As a result of his literary efforts, hundreds of short story writers in the literary circle became known abroad. In this perspective, A. Muthulingam is a well-known writer who wrote about the toils of the migrants in the foreign lands. He migrated for professional reasons before the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. He is recognised as a notable short story writer among the Sri Lankan writers. The creative brilliance in his short stories displays humanistic thought and records of the migrant experience, narrative flow, wit and realistic settings. As a result of his efforts in Tamil creative writing, hundreds of short stories have been written that show the pathetic state of the migrated Tamils. Thus, A. Muthulingam is notable for his native language and the vivid descriptions to narrate his story. His short stories are a record of life and realism. Hence, this article explores the literary techniques present in his works that portray the pangs of the Tamil diaspora.
Keywords: Migration, Diaspora, Short Story, Creative Ability, A. Muthulingam.
22. கலித்தொகையில் பெண்மொழி
முனைவர் கு. ர. சரளா
Feminine Language in Kalithogai
Dr. K. R. Sarala
Abstract
This paper examines the importance of feminine language as seen in “Kalithogai”. It is one of the principal works of Sangam literature. It illuminates the matrilineal foundations of the early Tamil society. The historical evidence from Sangam texts reveals that Tamil culture was a matrilineal system. Women held central roles as household leaders and custodians of familial and social values. Through a study of “Kalithogai”, this article shows that the language of the female characters in “Kalithogai” has been marked by its emotional depth, moral authority in both domestic and public spheres. The paper highlights the women in “Kalithogai” and their expressions of love, grief, or ethical counsel. Then, the social valuation of women's language as a medium of wisdom and emotional intelligence and the contrast between the Sangam era’s gynocentric linguistic norms and later patriarchal shifts in Tamil culture. By studying the poems that show the female protagonists, the study briefs down the recurring motifs of bravery (veeram), compassion (karunai) and ethics (aram), which can create an idealised Tamil femininity. The article employs feminist literary criticism to decode the interaction between gender, power and language found in Kalithogai. It serves as an authentic resource to contemporary gender discourses. Hence, it emphasises the role of women's voices as authoritative in ancient societies. It contributes to a keen discourse on Tamil literary feminism by utilising “Kalithogai” to show how women were respected in the ancient Tamil society.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Kalithogai, Feminine Language, Matrilineality.
23. கொற்றவை நாவலில் தமிழர் கலாச்சாரம் மற்றும் இயற்கை
ச. சிலம்புச்செல்வி & முனைவர் கு. கலைச்செல்வி
Tamil Culture and Nature in the Novel Kotravai
S. Silambuchelvi & Dr. K. Kalachelvi
Abstract
“Kotravai” Novel is categorized as land (Nilam), water (Neer), air (Katru), fire (Neruppu) and space (Vaan). The origin of the five types of land and the life of the Tamil are elicited in the chapter ‘Neer’. It tells the story of the Tamil people's migration due to landslides and Tsunamis from the day when the land was the primordial land of Bharata. The first sound of language began to form A, E and U. When the sound Amma happened it was the time when the goddess called Kanni appeared on the earth. From the primordial Tamil land, from the voice of the elder mother, she existed in all. Some primordial men lived before the ancient ancestors who know the history and language of us and from it, Kotravai came. The mother Godesses travelled with nature to the people who changed their landscape and profession. The first chapter ‘Neer’ is intertwined with Tamil history so it is considered as the earlier story of Silambu. This new novel will cover the gaps between Silambu and our history and become a new historical epic. The core of the epic novel aids in knowing about the aesthetic quality and artistic verve of the writer Jeyamohan. The novel “Kotravai” is evidence of Tamil language, Land and cultural changes.
Keywords: Silappathikaram, Kotravai, Tamil Culture, Kappiyam, Five Lands.
24. சே. இராமானுஜம் நாடகங்களில் பெண்களின் சிந்தனைகள்
க. சிவஞானசம்மந்தம் & முனைவர் பெ. ஜெயச்சந்திரன்
Thoughts on Women in the Plays of S. Ramanujam
K. Sivagnanasammantham & Dr. P. Jayachandran
Abstract
Professor S. Ramanujam is a modern playwright. He has very clearly expressed feminist ideas with the intellectual richness of art, literature, customs and beliefs of Tamil culture. Now, Dalits and non-Dalits have composed plays following modern times on Dalitism. In ancient times, various caste and clan divisions were given based on professions such as Merchants (Vaishyas), Agriculturalists (Velalars), Carpenters (Thachar), Blacksmiths (Kollar), and Brahmins (Iyers). At that time, all castes were considered equal due to the understanding of survival. Over time, science developed. Moreover, with the advent of economic prosperity among humans, the idea that the superior and inferior began to emerge and one caste dominates the other caste. Many people think of the Dalit community as broken, crushed, humiliated, disfigured, scattered and without identity. Marginalised people are known to be diverse in nature. Professor S. Ramanujan has highlighted the plight of the marginalised people, their customs, culture, civilisation, etc. He portrayed the problems of the lower-class people in his plays, along with the status of women. He has contributed to the Tamil and Malayalam theatre through his writing, speech, direction and workshops. He has written 17 plays, 33 Tamil plays, 28 Malayalam plays, 6 English plays, 2 Hindi plays so on. The paper studies the ideas of marginalisation in the plays “Maunakuram”, “Sembavalakali” and “Mukhapoli’.
Keywords: Tamil Literature, S. Ramanujan, Plays, Feminist Thoughts, Tamil Society.
25. தொல்காப்பிய உரியியலை முன்வைத்து எட்டுத்தொகை நூல்களில் பல பொருள் குறித்த ஒரு சொல் ஆய்வு
கி. சுபஸ்ரீ & முனைவர் சி. வடிவேலன்
A Word About Many Meanings in Ettuthokai Books by the
Representation of Tolkappiya Uyriyal
K. Subasri & Dr. S. Vadivelan
Abstract
“Tolkappiyam” is an ancient Tamil grammatical treatise that classifies words into four fundamental categories. They are ‘peyarchol’ (noun), ‘vinaichol’ (verb), ‘idaichol’ (particles) and ‘urichol’ (qualifiers). Among them, ‘urichol’ plays a vital role in elevating the meaningful potential of Tamil language through its descriptive strength. Tolkappiyar has identified 120 ‘urichol’ forms and organizing them under three primary functions namely ‘isai’ (musical or metrical function), ‘kurippu’ (indicative or emotive function) and paṇpu (qualitative or attributive function). These ‘urichols’ are notable for their semantic flexibility and a single word may convey multiple meanings and several words may join to express a single meaning. This paper focuses on the concept that a word that denotes many meanings as seen in the “Ettuthokai”. By analyzing the select verses from “Ettuthokai”, this study explores the fine distinction and application of ‘urisol’ and how multiple words are employed to convey a unified semantic or emotional resonance in Tamil Language. The study will be on the syntactic positioning of ‘urichol’ and the methods by which their meanings are contextualized and interpreted. This study reveals the depth of linguistic erudition in early Tamil poetics and also highlights Tolkappiyar's foresight in performing interplay between form and meaning of the language. Hence, the study highlights the aesthetic and philosophical implications of lexical plurality in classical Tamil language and literature.
Keywords: Word, Represent, Many Meanings, Ettuthokai, Tolkappiyam, Uriyiyal.
26. தமிழ் மற்றும் மலையாளப் புதினங்களில் சமூகச் சிந்தனை
முனைவர் பெ. சுமதி
Social Thought in Tamil and Malayalam Novels
Dr. P. Sumathi
Abstract
This paper employs a comparative literary analysis of the representations of gendered oppression in K.V. Shailaja's “Kathai Ketkum Suvarkal” a translated Tamil novel from Sabu Kilithattil's Malayalam work “Nilaachoru” and Vairamuthu's “Karuvachchi Kaviyam”. Through a textual study, the paper demonstrates how patriarchal norms take place similarly across linguistic and cultural boundaries. It portrays the maltreatment of women. The analysis focuses on two female protagonists, namely Karuvachchi from “Karuvachchi Kaviyam” and Uma from “Kathai Ketkum Suvarkal” (Nilaachoru). Despite differing in socioeconomic backgrounds, they suffer under marital deception and sexual violence. Both characters have a symbolic attachment to the ‘Thaali’ (sacred marriage thread) and reveal a complex compromise between private trauma and social expectations. The cultural ornament ‘Thaali’ represents oppression and protection in the novels. The study employs a comparative feminist literary analysis to interrogate how those narratives reveal common stereotypes of gender subjugation. Methodologically, this research contributes to comparative literature by way of demonstrating the utility of translated Malayalam text and the Tamil text in a cultural analysis and highlighting how local literatures can articulate transnational feminist issues. It is a dream for women to get a fair education. It can help them to achieve economic independence to live a liberated life. Despite education and economic independence, women are forced to bear the double burden of family and work. These literary works reveal that there is no change in the problems faced by women over time and linguistic disparities. Women suffer under many faces of patriarchal domination and suppression. The findings portray that women are under the clutches of patriarchy, curtailed by marital laws and sexual violence. Both of the novels show the similarity of women suffering under the patriarchal hegemony.
Keywords: Tamil Literature, Malayalam Literature, Karuvachchi Kavyam, Kathaiketkum Suvarkal, Social Thought, Feminist Criticism, Comparative Study.
27. பத்துப்பாட்டில் காணலாகும் மருதத்திணைக் கருப்பொருட்கள்
கு. தனலட்சுமி & முனைவர் அ. கோபிநாத்
Marutham Land Themes found in Pathuppattu
G. Dhanalakshmi & Dr. A. Gopinath
Abstract
The main evidence for the authentic chronological record of the Tamil nation and the Tamil language is the immortal classical literature of Tamil. The “Pathuppattu” is one of such classical literatures that is considered the portrayal of the Tamil tradition. The life of the ancient Tamils did not come to our knowledge in an easy manner. It has been seen in the literary records. The improvement of this land made by our ancestors in the past has given rise to the prosperous life that the present-day Tamil generation is living today. If any ethnic group of people want to establish their territory as a place for themselves, the environment, climate, and nature of the land ought to help them. The people of the region have to live accordingly to the lands to establish themselves. This research article aims to present the impact of the Marutham Land (Agricultural Land) themes from the “Pathuppattu” by using the Sangam literature as a medium to explain that our ancestors inherited a civilised cultural life. Then, the idea of this study is to reinforce the uniqueness of all the life values left to us by the ancient Tamil scholars as evidence of Tamil tradition. The ancient man came to know that this world is suitable for living beings only by watching and living closer to the great processes of nature. It is not an exaggeration to say that ancient Tamils lived amidst nature with great power. Hence, the use of land and time to cultivate with the help of nature seems to be evidence of Ancient Tamils' intellectual knowledge in agriculture. Such themes are organic and evident in the Marutham Songs of “Pathuppattu” and can influence the world to do sustainable agriculture.
Keywords: Tamil Culture, Marutham Land, Themes, Pathuppattu.
28. நீலகிரி வாழ் பெட்டக் குறும்பர் பழங்குடி மக்களின்
சமுக வாழ்வும் பண்பாடும்
ஆ. தீபிகா & முனைவர் ச. பிரியதர்ஷினி
Social Life and Culture of the Pedda Kurumbar Tribal People of the Nilgiris
A. Deepika & Dr. C. Priyadharshini
Abstract
India hosts the world's largest population of indigenous communities. The Nilgiri district, which is known as the Blue Mountains, is situated at the meeting of the Western and Eastern Ghats. It is recognized as Tamil Nadu's Tribal District and is home to six ancient indigenous groups such as Toda, Kota, Kurumba, Paniya, Irula and Kattunaicker tribal groups. They reside in this region and the documentation of these indigenous communities helps to reveal their distinctions from normal populations and their unique role in social evolution. Among them, the Pedda Kurumbas are the very important ones who have cultural antiquity and are subdivided into four subgroups. Palkootaram is a novel written by Aattanathi (Dhandapani) that depicts the life of the Pedda Kurumbar tribal community in the Nilgiris. Aattanathi’s novel “Paal Kudaaram” serves as a socio-literary representation of the Pedda Kurumbas in the Nilgiris. Notably, the Pedda Kurumbas comprise a distinct subgroup within the Kurumba community and maintain social isolation from other Kurumba sub-sects to preserve their unique socio-cultural practices, cultural systems and traditions. They have their own social and cultural values. Therefore, this article examines the occupational patterns, marriage customs, social organization, cultural practices, forest-based knowledge and food-gathering techniques of the Pedda Kurumbas in the Nilgiris.
Keywords: Aattanathi, Paal Kudaaram, Social Life, Pedda Kurumbar, Tribes, Nilgiris.
29. சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் இறை வழிபாடு
சு. தீபிகா
Divine Worship in Sangam Literature
S. Deepika
Abstract
Religious conflict is a significant issue in any society and it is often rooted in the minds of the people. Even educated people who are in high positions can disagree with other religious conventions because of their fanatic religious beliefs. Perhaps, the religion one follows is often determined by the place of birth and raised. A person’s lifestyle, beliefs and values are shaped by the environment. In ancient Tamil literature, especially at the Sangam times, the people's occupations are related to the land and their surroundings and the influence of the gods they worshipped. For example, in Tamil culture, the people who lived near the sea worshipped sea gods like Varunan. Those who lived in the mountains worshipped mountain gods like Lord Murugan. This shows that the environment plays a significant role in shaping the beliefs and practices of the people. This influence affects even the most basic aspects of life. Similarly, this influence extends to our basic needs like food, clothing and shelter, even though it varies across cultures. The gods and goddesses worshipped in the ancient Tamil period varied according to the environment. Their worship and beliefs differed from one landscape to another. This paper explores how the environment influences the belief and worship. It does not support or reject God, but an attempt to understand how the surroundings shape the religious beliefs and practices. By investigating the relationship between environment and beliefs, one can understand the intricacies of ancient worship in Tamil Sangam society.
Keywords: Tamil Culture, Divine Worship, God, Sangam Literature.
30. மொழியும் சூழலியலும்
க. நந்தினி & முனைவர் இரா. சுப்ரமணி
Language and Ecology
K. Nandhini & Dr. R. Subramani
Abstract
The current 21st century reminds us of the term ‘ecology’ frequently. The environmental impact and disturbance have intensified due to rapid population growth and the rash exploitation of natural resources. Nature has been subjected to extraordinary devastation. The plundering of mountains and the destruction of forests have become common now. Scientific and technological advancements, climate change and the loss of habitats have contributed to ecological degradation. The term ‘climate change’ has been an alarm and become a part of our everyday moves of life. There is an urgency to address these issues and literary research engages it with ecological perspectives. There is an intimate relationship between language and ecology. This article explores how the language spoken by a community is basically connected to the natural environment. The language of a region functions as a resource of its ecological knowledge. The rich terminology of a language reveals the ecological values rooted in the land where it is spoken. So, language acts as a bridge between the people and their environment. Hence, the article asserts that the preservation of languages is essential in the face of today’s ecological crises and future wellbeing. It also emphasizes the significance of educating clearer ecological consciousness among the public and presents the inevitability of viewing environmental degradation with a linguistic and ecological perspective for sustainable preservation.
Keywords: Environment, Climate Change, Tamil Language, Ecology, Awareness.
31. புதியகோடாங்கி சிற்றிதழில் நாட்டுப்புறக் கூறுகள்
முனைவர் ரெ. நல்லமுத்து
Folklore Elements in the Magazine Puthiya Kodangi
Dr. R. Nallamuthu
Abstract
Folk literature has been called in many names, such as non-written literature, oral literature and field literature. This type of communication helps people to express their feelings easily to the succeeding generations. In folk literature, the words are in the dialect forms with the impact of the mother tongue. This literatures help a lot to know the history and indigenous culture. Folklore vocabulary is a collection of terms related to folklore traditions. It includes terms related to the field of collecting, researching, and documenting the customs, culture, beliefs, stories, proverbs, oral history, riddles, songs, and arts of indigenous peoples. Tamil people have such an ancient folk tradition. Folklore is part of the oral tradition of a particular ethnic group or the people of a particular region. This includes folk songs, stories, proverbs, riddles, rituals, arts, rituals, beliefs, etc. Folk literature is seen as literature for the native people and the oppressed. It is a literary genre that expresses the lives, problems, struggles, feelings and experiences of the oppressed and neglected people in society. In Tamil society, one can see this sort of inequality. Hence, this will focus on the rights of Dalits, Adivasis, women, workers, wage farmers, migrants, etc. The article focuses on feminism, new poetry, questions and answers, editorials, paintings, articles, interviews, and history published in the magazine “Puthiya Kodangi” and the folk elements found in them. So, the selected articles featured in the “Puthiya Kodangi” magazine have been taken for analysis. This study also examines the ideas of Ambedkar for the oppressed Dalit people in the form of folk literature in the magazine “Puthiya Kodangi".
Keywords: Folk Literature, Dalit people, Women, Puthiya Kodangi.
32. வைரமுத்துவின் தண்ணீர் தேசம் புதினத்தில் காதலும்
கடலோடி மக்கள் வாழ்வும்
க. நவநீதக்கண்ணன் & முனைவர் சி. காந்தி
Love and the Life of the Coastal People in Vairamuthu’s Thanneer Desam
G. Navaneethakannan & Dr. S. Gandhi
Abstract
Vairamuthu's novel "Thanneer Thesam" is a notable literary work that explores the themes of love and life of the coastal people and their struggles. The novel portrays the lives of coastal communities, their dependence on the sea, and their struggles to make a living from fishing. The novel portrays the nostalgic life of the coastal people as pliant and practical people who have learned to live in harmony with the nature of the sea. The novel highlights their struggles to protect their livelihoods and their relationships with each other. It also explores the theme of love and relationships within the coastal people. Vairamuthu portrays the characters of the novel as deeply emotional and passionate ones with a strong sense of loyalty and dedication to one another. The novel questions the policies of the government and actions towards coastal people and highlights the need for support and protection for these indigenous communities. The research paper aims to analyze the novel and its themes regarding the life of the people. It also aims to highlight the importance of hope and perseverance among the people in the face of adversity and to suggest ways in which the government can support such coastal people who face severe crises physically and psychologically. The paper has done a critical analysis of the novel and its themes and is supported by evidence from the original text. It also draws supporting evidence from secondary sources to provide a broader vision for the analysis.
Keywords: Love, Coastal Life, Struggle, Coastal People, Vairamuthu, Thanneer Thesam.
33. பதினெண்கீழ்க்கணக்கு நூல்களில் அறமதிப்புகள்
அ. நாகஜோதி & முனைவர் இரா. ஏஞ்சல்
Virtues in the Books of Pathinenkeelkanakku
A. Nagajothi & Dr. R. Angel
Abstract
Literatures serve as a reflection that delineate life and offer both descriptive and regulation structure for human life. The Sangam people represented this principle by living with a deep sense of social morality (aram) by embodying life with love-based inherent values (akam) in their daily life. The virtuous men (Santror) of the Sangam times lived with natural dignity (murai) and ethical excellence. They established classic behavioral standards for others through their conduct. Those who are in leadership roles (Kings) demonstrated meticulous diligence in fulfilling their protective duty toward their people. It illustrates the interdependence of individual virtue and social responsibility. The characteristic of an individual's commendable life in society lies basically in the values they represent and enact. The classical Tamil literatures impart evaluative support for human life and function as existential mediums and as structured mentors of ethical principles (Needhi). They provide ample definitions of human values working at dual levels for the individual and the collective group with a particular attention to their rational relationship. Sangam Tamil works reveal such high standards of life oriented virtues. They help to understand the core concept of virtues by heart. “Pathinenkeelkanakku” is a collection of the eighteen didactic works that emerged during the post-Sangam period (1st-5th centuries CE). Value based intellectual knowledge has been articulated meticulously in the books. Hence, the article investigates the glimpses of virtues in the collection.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Tamil People, Virtue, Books, Pathinenkeelkanakku.
34. பழந்தமிழக சங்கமாந்தர்களின் பண்பாட்டுச் சூழலியல் நுண்ணறிவு
முனைவர் மா. பத்மபிரியா
Cultural Ecological Insights of the Ancient Sangam Tamils
Dr. M. Padma Priya
Abstract
The Sangam people lived in close harmony with nature. They were guided by a deep sense of affection and ecological awareness. They lived as communities amidst the natural environment. This is evident in their sustainable practices and the ecological consciousness in their culture. Sangam literature is a collection of poems that are structured around the five landscapes of Tamil Nadu. It stands as strong evidence of this symbiotic relationship between humans and nature. This article explores the concept of cultural ecology as seen in Sangam literary works. The theoretical framework focuses on the concept of cultural ecology developed by anthropologist Julian Steward. It examines the people of ancient Tamil society and their environment in a cultural setup. The five Tinais such as Kurinji (mountain), Mullai (forest), Marutham (agricultural land), Neithal (coastal area), and Paalai (desert) reflect specific ecological zones and represent different lifestyles, emotions and values of the Tamil communities. This study highlights how the Tamil tinai-based tradition practiced a form of cultural ecology before many thousand years back. The term was academically recognized in the West in the modern period but used by the Sangam poets. As a result, the study deciphers the ecological intelligence of early Sangam Tamil people on environmental amity and culture.
Keywords: Cultural, Ecology, Biodiversity, Sangam Tamils, Tamil Culture.
35. திருமூலரின் கணக்கியல் நுட்பங்கள்
ச. பாலமணிகண்டன் & முனைவர் அ. செந்தில் நாராயணன்
Arithmetic Techniques of Thirumoolar
S. Balamanikandan & Dr. A. Senthilnarayanan
Abstract
Religion refines human beings and guides them toward a righteous path. Among diverse religions, Saivism holds Shiva as the supreme primordial God and is revered as one of the principal traditions. The sacred texts of Shaivism are classified by scholars into two categories. One is the devotional hymns (Thothiram) and the other is doctrinal treatises (Saathiram). Among the twelve sacred texts of Saiva, “Thirumanthiram” is honoured as the tenth Thirumurai. It is honoured as both a devotional and philosophical work. The term Manthiram signifies its protective power for those who meditate upon it and the Thirumanthiramalai embodies protection for its believers. Thirumular is a Siddha who articulated his philosophical insights in the “Thirumanthiram” through a hermeneutic literary style and employed numerical symbolism (Ennalangaram) with intricate similes, metaphors, and proverbs in its four-line verses. His discourse on conveying spiritual truths (Meyneripporul) through numerical allegory is a distinctive feature in the entire sacred text. This article examines Thirumular’s arithmetic and philosophical reasoning as employed through the commentary of Arunaiyar to produce a detailed analysis of his numerical hermeneutics. “Thirumanthiram” is the great resource of Saiva Siddhanta. Hence, the study highlights the synthesis of devotion, metaphysics and esoteric wisdom in the theological and hermeneutic literary significance of “Thirumanthiram”.
Keywords: Thirumoolar, Thirumanthiram, Arithmetic, Techniques.
36. ஐந்திணை தமிழ் மக்களின் வாழ்விடமும் தொழில்களும்
ஆ. பரத் & முனைவர் ப. கோடித்துரை
Environment and Occupations of the Tamil People in the Five Thinais
A. Barath & Dr. P. Kodidhurai
Abstract
The Sangam Tamil people lived in the five types of geological landscapes. They lived on five types of land namely Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal and Palai. One can see that they created life and economy using the land where they are living. So, the people considered the types of their lands as very important and acquired those lands to fulfil their food needs. Land was the chief basis of their livelihood. Sangam literature also tells about the names of the people of particular professions living in the five types of land. The names of the musicians are derived from their profession of playing music and the names of the people who dealt with war can be from their bravery. The Sangam poets used to refer to the Sangam people with words such as Makkal, Maakkal, and Mandar. The word Makkal refers to a particular ethnic group. The word ‘Makkal’ is mentioned in the book “Paripadal”. The ancient Tamil people have divided the living lands into four types according to the natural environment and called them as ‘Nanilam’. The four types of division are Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham and Neithal. They illustrate the life of the people of the Tamil country. Palai is the very rare place for good living and is considered a desert area. The lifestyle and other norms of the people living in these areas are formed according to these land and the natural resources from it. This article examines how the ancient Sangam people’s habitats emerged based on the five types of land and how they produced food and lived based on their environment.
Keywords: Sangam People, Tamil Culture, Livelihood, Occupation, Five Landscapes.
37. தனிப்பாடல் திரட்டில் கல்விச் சிந்தனைகள்
மு. பிரபாகரன் & முனைவர் சி. ஷகிலா பானு
Educational Thoughts in Tanippadal Thirattu
M. Prabakaran & Dr. S. Shagilabanu
Abstract
Literature is the finest medium that reflects society. Tamil literature has a long and rich cultural tradition that has evolved through many centuries and continues to produce literary masterpieces. Among its various forms, the collection “Tanippadal Thirattu” from medieval times stands out as a significant literary treasure. Generally, literature is classified into two types in Tamil— one is internal (Agam) and another is external (Puram). Internal literature deals with themes like love, chastity and emotions, while external literature focuses on bravery, education and social values of the Tamil society. However, the “Tanippadal Thirattu” (Monologue collection) goes beyond these two categories. It captures an extensive range of human experiences, including small personal desires, humour, wit and social observations. These poems were written by different poets of various periods. They help to trace the changes and developments in Tamil society. Unlike traditional literary works, where poets aim for sophistication and creativity, “Tanippadal Thirattu” reveal the inner thoughts and personal attitudes of the poets. These verses highlight the richness of knowledge and its importance in shaping the individuals of the ancient Tamil society. The poems also speak of themes such as generosity, courage, religious belief and living conditions of the people. By analyzing these “Tanippadal Thirattu”, one can gain a deeper perceptive of how education was given value in Tamil society and its contribution to the cultural and moral quality of the society. Hence, this article focuses on the songs related to morals and education found in “Tanippadal Thirattu”.
Keywords: Tamil Culture, Tamil people, Educational Thoughts, Tanippadal Thirattu.
38. சங்க கால வீடுகளும் வேலிகளும்
முனைவர் நா. புண்ணியமூர்த்தி
Houses and Fences of the Sangam Period
Dr. N. Punniyamoorthy
Abstract
Sangam literature was based on five types of lands namely Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal and Palai. These are the ancient Sangam landscapes where the Tamil people lived. It describes in detail the food, shelter, occupation, worship and hospitality of the Tamil people living in these lands. The lifestyle of the Sangam period is almost certainly the same and continues today with some changes. Among man’s important needs, shelter played an important role in the basic needs of man. Houses were the foundation of a family setup and a symbol of social development. The Sangam people built houses and also built fences around those houses to keep them safe. They used the raw materials available in the area to build houses, and they used the palm fronds/branches, coconut fronds/branches, and thorns available in the area to build fences. Fences are not only built for houses by the Sangam people, but they are also built for crop protection. It was used for border protection and village protection. Fences have been used since the Sangam period till today in the Tamil society. One can find it in the rural villages of Tamil Nadu. The fence is built around the house and the field to show the possession of the property. Therefore, this article examines how the living areas found in Sangam literature were built and their fencing systems were used and the cultural characteristics they reflect.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Tamil Culture, Five Landscapes, Houses, Fences.
39. கம்பராமாயணத்தில் காகம் குறித்தப் பதிவுகள்
முனைவர் க. மங்கையர்க்கரசி
References to Crows in Kamba Ramayanam
Dr. G. Mangaiyarkkarasi
Abstract
Crow is considered a Holy mount of Lord Saneeswaran in the pantheon of Hindu mythology. There is a strong belief that the departed Souls of the ancestors will accept the ritual food offered by their children and successors on the day of their death anniversaries at the times of Amavasa and other Eclipse days. The beliefs of the individuals are subject to radical changes according to the time of the present society, and it cannot be denied. Even today in Indian society, there is a strong belief that cawing of a crow in front of the house will bring guests to the house on the particular day. Many Omens seemed to be believed by the people attaching to their sentiments over different birds. During the Sangam Era, it was believed that the cawing of crows would unite the people from their separation, and this can be attributed to the references made in Sangam literature. There is a custom among the people to offer a small quantity of cooked rice to the crows before the family members start to eat. It was common right from the Sangam age to the present times. In Sangam literature, the crow is described as a native bird of the Neithal land. Ten poems in the Ainkurunooru describe crows. A Sangam poet named Kakkaipadiniyar got the name because of the songs sung about crows. In Kambaramayanam, Kambar mentions three types of crows such as crow, the raven, and the water crow. In this article, we will also examine how beliefs about crows in the past Tamil society and now in the modern society.
Keywords: Sangan Era, Tamil Culture, Crow, Omen, Belief, Ancestors.
40. தமிழர் கலாச்சாரத்தில் திருமால் வழிபாடு
இரா. மஞ்சுளாதேவி & முனைவர் Dr. T. M. S. சந்திரமணி ஜெபராணி
Thirumal Worship in Tamil Culture
R. Manjula Devi & Dr. T. M. S. Chandramani Jebarani
Abstract
Tamil culture is a composite of daily activities that have been passed down through generations and are followed by the successors. In the life of Tamils, the worship of God is a virtue and has been with them since the time of their ancestors. The Tamils worshipped the five elements as gods and followed idol worship. In idol worship, they created various forms of God and gave names and worshipped them. Among them, the practice of worshipping Brahma as the deity of birth, Thirumal as the protecting deity and Lord Shiva as the deity of salvation/destruction. Culture is a treasure of the traditional customs and practices of a group of people. This article explores the worship of Thirumal in Tamil culture. It also mentions the devotion to God and the evidence of Thirumal worship in ancient Tamil literature. One can see that Thirumal worship has been in Tamil culture since the Sangam times. The Tamils had peculiar practices to worship Thirumal. They called Thirumal by different Thirunamams and realised its benefits. They pray to Thirumal’s 5 different forms and believe that Thirumal is protecting the people in those five forms. In the worship of Thirumal, the Alvars are the most revered by the people for their devotion. The Tamil Language has been glorified by the Alvars. Their descendants include the Guru Parampara, Acharyas, Adiyars worship Thirumal and have been among the Tamils in successive traditions. The Tamil people worship the 108 Divya Desas until today. Some days are considered very special days for Thirumal and Tamils hold festivals and worship Thirumal on those days from Sangam until today. Therefore, the paper makes clear that the worship of Thirumal existed and will exist in Tamil culture.
Keywords: Thirumal Worship, Tamil Culture, Sangam People, Modern People, Devotion.
41. பரிபாடலில் முருகன் வழிபாடு
சு. ராஜஸ்ரீ & முனைவர் ஆ. ஆன்றோ பீற்றர் & முனைவர் நா. அய்யப்பன்
Worship of Lord Murugan in Paripadal
S. Rajasree & Dr. A. Anto Peter & Dr. N. Ayyappan
Abstract
The people of the Sangam period believed in nature worship. Tamils worshipped Lord Murugan through nature worship and recorded the benefits in “Thirumurukatruppadai”, “Paripadal”, “Kandapuranam”, and “Kandhar Kalivenpa”. Lord Muruga has everlasting youth and is in harmony with nature. The Ongu Paripadal describes Lord Muruga as a handsome Lord and called him Chevvel. He is carried by an elephant called Pinimukham. Lord Muruga is the one who battles and crushes the rocks in the cold ocean into powder. He throws his sword upon the enemies and subdues them. The syllables ‘Mu’ mentions ‘Mukundan’, ‘Ru’ mentions ‘Rudra’, and ‘Ka’ mentions ‘Kandhan’. Murugu can be interpreted as the one who embodies beauty, youth, divine status, well-being, mind, etc. People often call Muruga as ‘Kandhan’. Lord Muruga is also called 'Aarumugan' because he has six faces. 'Velavan' means he carries out work in his hands, and 'Panniru Kai Vadivelan' means he has twelve hands. There are six places mentioned as the holy places of Lord Muruga. Lord Muruga bestows blessings on the people at six important shrines such as Thiruparankundram, Thiruchendur, Palani, Swami Malai, Tiruttani, and Pazhamudircholai. It is believed by the people that wherever there is a hill, Kumaran will be there. Many mythological stories about Kumaran are also mentioned in the Tamil work “Paripadal”. One can learn the wisdom of Lord Muruga who subdues the demons who cause suffering to the people and guide them to the path of good. Hence, this study examines the worship of Lord Murugan as recorded in “Paripadal”.
Keywords: Worship, Lord Murugan, Sangam Literature, Paripadal.
42. இனக்குழு மருத்துவ அறிவியலில் மீன்கள்
சீ. ரேவதி & முனைவர் டே. வில்சன்
Fishes in Ethnomedical Science
S. Revathi & Dr. D. Wilson
Abstract
The rapid growth of the world’s population has led to an increase in human needs. It can be broadly divided into two categories such as necessities and healthcare. The basic necessities refer to self-sufficiency in food, clothing and shelter meanwhile healthcare involves environmental cleanliness and access to medical aid. Medical knowledge has progressed along human civilization from the early times. Even modern English medicine takes its sources its raw materials from nature. Therefore, traditional medical knowledge from indigenous communities is vital to identify natural resources used in the development of medicines. To avoid harmful effects, it is essential to integrate advanced scientific methods with ancient traditional knowledge. Tamil folk medicine has an impact on all types of medical practices all over the world. Anthropology plays a crucial role in this integration of ethno-medicine and studies the traditional medical practices of various particular ethnic groups. The Tamil ethnic group is one of the world’s oldest groups who live by the principle of considering “Food is medicine; medicine is food.” They had deep insights in the medicinal value of food and nature. There is much evidence that they have used fish for medical treatment. Even though they seem like folk medicine, they are effective in use in the form of food. So, reviving those traditional practices is important in the present times which speak of sustainable medicine. The ancient research used plants and animals for medical use. Hence, this article focuses to explore the role of fish in the ethno-medicinal practices of the Tamils.
Keywords: Fish, Ethnomedicine, Anthropology, Tamils, Tamil Culture.
43. தமிழ்ச்சமூகத்தில் பஞ்சங்கள் பற்றிய பதிவுகளும் அவற்றின் தாக்கமும்
கே. வருசக்கனி & முனைவர் டி. தருமராஜ்
Records of Famines and Their Impact on Tamil Society
K. Varusakkani & Dr. T. Dharmaraj
Abstract
This article examines the impact of famine and drought on Tamil society from Sangam literature to modern times. Since the Sangam age (300 BCE–300 CE), Tamil literary and oral traditions have recorded climatic changes through the intellectual knowledge of traditional astronomical knowledge to predict droughts. The Paalai Thinai (arid landscape) is one of the five ecological zones in Sangam poetics that emerges as a symbolic representation of famine-related displacement from Kurinji (mountains) and Mullai (forests). It reflects the socio-environmental consequences of resource scarcity in ancient Tamil society. Tamil communities followed adaptive strategies with nature. It includes seasonal migration and water conservation to mitigate the effects of famine. The Sangam texts like “Purananooru” and “Agananooru document these sorts of crises and the interplay between the natural cycle and human survival. Nowadays, technological advancements in weather forecasting have reduced natural drought-related famines. But new challenges have emerged such as climate change, flawed economic policies and geopolitical conflicts that have created artificial famines and poverty. This study employs a comparative literary analysis and historical approach to define ancient and contemporary famine narratives. It highlights how Sangam-era ecological wisdom contrasts with today's anthropogenic crises. So, there is a need to create optimistic policies that integrate traditional knowledge with modern science to overcome the dangers. Hence, the article reveals the constant patterns of vulnerability and adaptation to sustainable crisis management by Tamil society.
Keywords: Famine, Impact, Sangam Literature, Modern Literature, Tamil Society.
44. ஆய்வு நோக்கில் தினமலர் நாளிதழின் தலையங்கங்கள்
சே. வனிதா & முனைவர் ஜா. அருணா
Editorials of the Newspaper Dinamalar in Research Perspective
S. Vanitha & Dr. J. Aruna
Abstract
This article examines the perspectives of journalism of the newspaper “Dinamalar”. It presents a message regarding the definitions, objectives and advantages of editorials in the newspaper “Dinamalar”. Under the section focusing on editorials, the paper discusses various purposes such as proposing, attaching, instructing, warning, rebuking, revealing the truth, identifying mistakes, supporting, addressing contradictions, clarifying, praising, and making recommendations, indicating that editorials aim to convey these messages. The editorials that cover news from Tamil Nadu, India and all around the world are highlighted in the section. Therefore, Newspaper plays a crucial role in delivering timely information about significant daily events. “Dinamalar” newspaper includes essential segments such as editorials, letters to the editor, news, regional updates, international news, opinion pieces, sports coverage, reviews, horoscopes, entertainment news, programming schedules for radio and television, agendas, market updates, stories, articles, humorous snippets and advertisements. They are captions stuffed with intellectual power and clear ideology. They have positive quality among the readers and like such captions. Thus, select Dinamalar editorials which came in June 2018 have been analyzed based on the above mentioned topic.
Keywords: Dinamalar, Daily, Tamil Newspaper, Editorial.
45. மனுஷ்ய புத்திரனின் நூறு பவுர்ணமிகளின் வெளிச்சம் கவிதைகளில் நவீன நடுத்தர வர்க்கத்து இருப்பும் நுகர்வும்
சி. விஜய் & முனைவர் ஞா. குருசாமி
Modern Middle-Class Reality and Utilization in the Poems of Manushyaputhiran’s Nooru Pournamigalin Velicham
S.Vijay & Dr. G. Gurusamy
Abstract
Literature is an artistic activity that is conceived and formed in the subconscious through the internal and external experiences of man by the circumstances of the time. Literary works record the social conditions of the period the poet lives in. In the history of Tamil literature, various literary works on people's living conditions have emerged. Tamil poetry stands as an epitome to give life to the pangs and toils of the suffering people under political problems and scams. In this, Manushyaputhiran is one of the important poets among those who have condemned the social dynamics of modern capitalist possession and people's poor living conditions as the focal point of discussion in his poems. Manushyaputhiran has been active in Tamil poetry since 1983. Manushyaputhiran's poems mostly discuss the living conditions of middle-class people who are the market targets of consumerism in the urban environment where capitalist goals have become a social norm in the context of globalization. He talks as the voice of the impoverished people and voices for them against consumer-based exploitation. This article examines the dynamics of the life of the middle class in modern capitalist endeavour through the poems of Manushyaputhiran and the discussion with Marxian thoughts to depict the reality of the modern middle-class people.
Keywords: Modern Capitalism, Middle Class, Reality, Utilization, Manushyaputhiran.
46. இலக்கண வாசிப்பின் தொடர்ச்சியில் நன்னூல் தோன்றியதன் தேவையும்
உரை வாசிப்பின் நீட்சியும்
க. விஜயன் & முனைவர் ந. இரஞ்சன்
Necessity of Nannool’s Emergence in the Continuity of Grammatical Reading and the Extension of Textual Interpretation
K. Vijayan & Dr. N. Ranjan
Abstract
This paper explores the evolution of Tamil grammatical traditions with particular emphasis on “Nannool”, a book that represents the records of Tamil linguistic scholarship. Tolkappiyam is the earliest Tamil grammatical treatise that stands as a foundational text of the historic Tamil intellectual background. The complexity and archaic nature of “Tolkappiyam” necessitated an extra grammatical framework for Tamil. This was shaped by the socio-cultural variations over centuries and has brought about the emergence of “Nannool”, about 1300 years after “Tolkappiyam”. Nannool thoroughly simplifies the difficult rules of “Tolkappiyam” while preserving consistency to its central standards. Among the earliest commentaries on “Nannool” is the commentary of Ilampooranar. It enriched its interpretive subculture. This paper situates the advent of “Nannool” from the cultural and ancient contexts of the later Cholas by highlighting how changing linguistic and literary values induced the improvement of recent grammatical texts. It displays the ethos of its society, and grammatical works can be studied as cultural texts that embody linguistic issues of the time. By inspecting the interrelationship among scriptures, grammar and literary expressions, the paper analyses how grammatical frameworks contribute to and shape literary language and facilitate its utilisation. In general, this article offers a comprehensive evaluation of how grammar, culture and literature are interlinked inside the Tamil lifestyle, by positioning “Nannool” as a milestone in the continuum of Tamil linguistic thought.
Keywords: Tolkappiyam, Nannool, Grammar, Textual Interpretation.
47. பொன்னீலனின் மறுபக்கம் புதினத்தில் திருவிதாங்கூரின் தீண்டாமைச் சமுதாய மீட்பில் கிறிஸ்தவ மிஷனரியினரின் பங்கு
திருமதி சு. வினோதா
Role of Christian Missionaries in the Redemption of the Untouchable Communities of Travancore in Ponneelan's Novel Marupakkam
Mrs. S. Vinotha
Abstract
Ponneelan’s novel“Marupakkam”and “Pitchipoo” shows the deep-rooted social inequalities in the state of Travancore during the colonial period. Tamil-speaking communities are suppressed by the elite of the Travancore regime. This study explores how European Christian missionary activities empower the lower-caste to liberate themselves. Ponneelan is a famous Tamil writer whose works often highlight the role of Christian missionaries in challenging Travancore’s oppressive caste structure. The lower-caste who was once bound by the oppressive traditions gained access to education, employment and social dignity with the help of missionaries. His novels document how impoverished women secured livelihoods in domestic work. This study employs a socio-historical approach to cross-examine the missionary endeavours that fostered social justice in Travancore. The study takes evidence from “Marupakkam” to demonstrate how religious conversion became a medium for subaltern resistance against caste oppression. By showing the experiences of Tamil-speaking communities, the novel reveals the complex interaction between language, power, and social change in colonial South India. The discourses on colonialism, religious conversion and social reforms portrayed in the novel show everyone how the missionary activities created alternative pathways for marginalised groups. The novel “Marupakkam” serves as a literary testament where humanitarian missions alleviated inequities despite their imperialist framework. Hence, the study reflects the implications of these historical shifts for contemporary understandings of caste, language, and social justice in Pre-Independent Kerala among the Tamils.
Keywords: Travancore, Caste Oppression, Tamil Marginalisation, Marupakkam, Ponneelan, Christian Missionaries.
48. ஒப்பியல் நோக்கில் ஒளவையார் மற்றும் சாப்போ கவிதைகள்
கு. ஜெயா பிரின்ஸி & முனைவர் எஸ். சுனிதா & முனைவர் ஜோ. பென்னி
Comparative Study of the Poems of Avvaiyar and Sappho
K. Jeya Princy & Dr. S. Sunitha & Dr. J. Benny
Abstract
In literary history, women poets have been very rare in literary traditions and are marginalised or unrecognised by their societies. Only a few carved their names in history by their poetic works. Such excellent poets are Avvaiyar, the distinguished Tamil poet of the Sangam era and Sappho, another distinguished poet from the island of Lesbos from the 7th century BCE. Avvaiyar’s poems are often didactic and devotional. She reveals suppressed feelings of women, morals and virtues of life. Sappho is attributed for establishing the first known schools for women in ancient Greece. Her poetry vividly explores love, desire and intimate relationships defying social norms. Similarly, both poets used rich poetic images such as metaphors and similes to depict love and human virtues. Avvaiyar’s works range from ethical aphorisms to devotional hymns to instruct moral and social values. Sappho’s poems have been composed for musical performance by blending emotion with melody. Both poets questioned the social flaws in general. The themes such as love, nature, and social justice go beyond cultural barriers in Avvaiyar and Sappho’s poems. Their ideas on the subjugation of women gender literary exclusion unite them. They emerge as pioneering female voices in male-dominated traditions. This comparative study brings forth how two ancient cultures fostered women’s intellectual and creative expression by creating their works to resonate throughout many thousands of years as testaments of spirit and creativity. Through this analysis, one can distinguish how women's voices and moral ideals emerged from different cultures by communicating endless insights of gender, power and literary legacy.
Keywords: Tamil Literature, Greek Literature, Auvaiyar, Sappho, Comparative Study.
49. லஷ்மி சரவணகுமார் புனைகதைகளில் பழங்குடி மக்களின்
பண்பாட்டுச் சிறப்புகளும் மாற்றங்களும்
ஜெ. ஷெராபின் & முனைவர் நே. நிஷா நேவிஸ்
Cultural Features and Changes of Tribal People in the Novels
of Lakshmi Saravanakumar
J. Sharafin & Dr. N. Nisha Navis
Abstract
In ancient Tamil Nadu, there were five regions namely Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neythal and Palai. The people who lived in the five lands developed their own cultures, religious practices and occupations based on their social environment. The unique customs and cultures identify an ethnic group. Most groups evolved from hunting societies. The development of culture started due to the positive bonds between other societies. The societies that do not have cultural contact with others have a unique way of life. Their beliefs and worship of deities are insightful. They practised simple temples and nature-based worship. There are also industrial structures and forest conservation principles found in the traditional beliefs among tribal people. They believe forests as gods and the abodes of their ancestors. The cultural changes introduce a new way of life to indigenous peoples. Many changes in languages, clothing and eating habits are caused by contact with foreign cultures. The culture of tribal people is not easily changed. They have a culture that does not want to interact with neighbouring people and does not like to interact with others. The political laws and different civilizational ties create new cultural ecologies for the tribes. To the people of the plains, forests are places of commerce and hunting grounds for recreation. The new areas were not emotionally comfortable for people who had relied on the mountains and forests for livelihood since ancient times. In Tamil literature, many writers portrayed such matters in their novels. Lakshmi Saravanakumar expressed the real lives of tribal people in his novels. He described the life and cultural movements of tribal people in some of his works in a detailed manner. Hence, this research paper explores the cultural and ecological systems of the Paliyar and Paniyar tribes through his novels.
Keywords: Culture, Ecological System, Change, Tribes, Novels, Lakshmi Saravanakumar.