Volume - 8 issue -1 July 2025
தொகுதி - 8, இதழ் - 1, ஜீலை 2025
Articles 01-49
வாழ்த்துரை
தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியத்திற்காக எமது தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கிய பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் (IJTLLS) தம் இலக்கிய மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி அரும்பணியைச் செய்து வருகின்றது. இது எமது எட்டாம் தொகுதியின் முதலாம் இதழாகும். இத்தொகுதியில் நாற்பத்தி ஒன்பது ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகள் இடம் பெற்றுள்ளன. இவ்வகையான சிறந்த ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகளின் ஆய்வுத்தொகுப்பினை ஆய்வாளர்களுக்கு வழங்குவதில் ஆனந்தமடைகிறேன். ஆய்வாளர்களின் அனைத்து கட்டுரைகளையும் ஆய்வு நெறிமுறைகளின்படி தணிக்கைச் செய்து மதிப்புரை வழங்கி செம்மைப்படுத்தி தமிழ் மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கிய பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் (IJTLLS) இணையத்தில் பிரசுரம் செய்து உள்ளது. எதிர்காலத்தில் தமிழ் ஆராய்ச்சிகளை உலக அரங்கத்திற்கு எடுத்துச் செல்ல ஓர் ஆய்வுக்களமாக எமது இதழ் செயல்பட்டு வருகிறது. அதற்கு உறுதுணை அளித்த அனைவருக்கும் நன்றி.
த. அமுதா அவர்கள் "சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் நுண்கலைகள்" எனும் ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரையில் சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் வரும் இசை, நடனம், ஓவியம் போன்ற நுண்கலைகளை ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். காலத்தின் கலை மரபுகளையும் அவற்றின் சமூகப் பின்னணியையும் பற்றி விளக்கி உள்ளார். முனைவர் ப. அன்பரசி அவர்கள் "தமிழ்ப்புதினங்களில் வெள்ளப் பேரிடர் காலப்பதிவுகள் மற்றும் மேலாண்மைச் சிந்தனைகள்" எனும் ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரையில் புதினங்களில் இடம்பெறும் வெள்ளப் பேரிடர்களை நேரடியாக ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். பேரிடர் காலச் சமூக வாழ்க்கை, பாதிப்பு மற்றும் மீட்புச் செயல்கள் பற்றிய தகவல்களை இந்தக் கட்டுரை பதிவு செய்கிறது. சி. இன்பநாதன் "இயேசுவின் போதனைகளில் மனித நேயம்" எனும் ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரையில் இயேசுவின் போதனைகளில் கருணை மற்றும் சகோதரப்பண்புகளை விரிவாக ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். சமூக ஒற்றுமைக்கான நெறிகள் இந்தப் போதனைகளின் சாரமாக அமைந்துள்ளன என்பதையும் இக்கட்டுரை விளக்குகிறது. சி. உமாமகேஸ்வரி "கன்னிக்கோவில் இராஜாவின் படைப்புகளில் சுற்றுச்சூழல் சிந்தனைகள்" எனும் கட்டுரையில் இயற்கை பற்றிய கவலை மற்றும் சுற்றுச்சூழல் விழிப்புணர்வை படைப்புகளின் வழியே ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். சமூகத்துடன் இயற்கையின் உறவு குறித்து ஆழமான பார்வையை இக்கட்டுரை முன்வைக்கிறது. க. உஷாநந்தினி "கவிஞர் தங்கம் மூர்த்தியின் கவிதைகளில் பெண்ணியச் சிக்கல்கள்" எனும் கட்டுரையில் பெண்களின் வாழ்க்கை அனுபவங்கள் மற்றும் சமூக கட்டுப்பாடுகளைக் கவிதைகளின் வழியே ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். பெண் நலன்கள் குறித்த கவிஞரின் நுண்ணுணர்வுகள் இக்கட்டுரையில் விரிவாக ஆராயப்பட்டுள்ளன.
ச. கண்ணம்மாள் "திருப்புகழில் இராமாயணக் கூறுகள்" எனும் கட்டுரையில் திருப்புகழ் பாடல்களில் இடம்பெறும் இராமாயணக் கூறுகளை ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். ஆன்மிக இலக்கியத்தில் இராமாயணத் தாக்கம் எவ்வாறு பிரதிபலிக்கின்றது என்பதையும் இக்கட்டுரை விளக்குகிறது. ர. கண்மணி "சென்ரியு கவிதைகளின் உள்ளடக்கங்கள்" எனும் கட்டுரையில் சென்ரியு வகை கவிதைகளில் உள்ள மனிதநேயம், சித்திரப்பாடல் போன்ற அம்சங்களை ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். குறும் சொற்களில் அடங்கிய ஆழ்ந்த கருத்துக்கள் பற்றிய நுணுக்கமானப் பார்வை இக்கட்டுரையில் ஆராயப்பெற்றுள்ளது. முனைவர் சா. கருணாகரன் அவர்கள் "வட தமிழக மேய்ச்சல் நில வாழ்வியலில் மரபும் மாற்றமும்" எனும் கட்டுரையில் மேய்ச்சல் நில மக்களின் பாரம்பரிய வாழ்க்கை முறைகளும் அவற்றில் ஏற்பட்ட மாற்றங்களும் பற்றிய சமூகவியல் ஆய்வை மேற்கொண்டுள்ளார். இடம்பெயர்வும் வாழ்வியல் மாற்றங்களும் இக்கட்டுரையின் மையக் கருவாக அமைந்துள்ளன. முனைவர் சே. கரும்பாயிரம் அவர்கள் "பத்தொன்பதாம் நூற்றாண்டில் திருமுருகாற்றுப்படை மூலப்பதிப்புகள்" எனும் கட்டுரையில் திருமுருகாற்றுப்படையின் பதிப்பியல் வரலாற்றை ஆழமாக ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். பழைய மூலங்கள், பதிப்பாளர்கள் மற்றும் மொழியமைப்பின் மாறுபாடுகள் பற்றிய விரிவான தகவல்கள் இதில் காணப்படுகின்றன. ரா. காயத்ரி "நாட்டுப்புறக் கதைகளில் பண்பாட்டு வாழ்வியல் விழுமியங்கள்" எனும் கட்டுரையில் நாட்டுப்புறக் கதைகளின் வழியே தமிழரின் சமூக மரபுகள், குடும்பத்தொடர்கள், உழைப்பியலுடன் கூடிய வாழ்வியல் நெறிகள் ஆகியவற்றை ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். இக்கதைகள் வழியே பண்பாட்டுக் கோட்பாடுகள் வெளிப்படுகின்றன.
க. கார்த்திக் அவர்கள் “சோ. தர்மன் புதினங்களில் நம்பிக்கைகளும் சகுனமும்” எனும் ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரையில், சோ. தர்மன் எழுதிய புதினங்களில் இடம் பெறும் பரம்பரையிலிருந்து வரும் நம்பிக்கைகள், சகுனக் குறிகள் ஆகியவற்றை ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். சமூக மனப்பாங்கும், பாரம்பரிய வாழ்க்கை முறைகளும் இவற்றில் பிரதிபலிக்கின்றன. ச. காளிராஜ் (எ) சிவசக்திவேல் அவர்கள் “இலக்கியங்களில் கிடைசார் பதிவுகள்” எனும் கட்டுரையில், தமிழ் இலக்கியங்களில் காணப்படும் மேய்ச்சல் வாழ்வியலைப் பிரதிபலிக்கும் கிடைசார் சமூகப் பதிவுகளை ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். இயற்கையைத் தழுவிய வாழ்க்கை முறையின் மாறுபாடுகள் இக்கட்டுரையின் உள்ளடக்கமாக உள்ளன. சி. கீர்த்தனா அவர்கள் “திறனாய்வு நோக்கில் தமிழச்சி தங்கப்பாண்டியன் படைப்புகள்” எனும் கட்டுரையில் தமிழச்சி தங்கப்பாண்டியன் எழுத்துகளில் காணப்படும் சமூக, அரசியல், பெண்மை நோக்குகளைக் குறித்து திறனாய்வுப் பார்வையில் ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். அவரது இலக்கியங்களின் சமூகப் பங்களிப்பு இக்கட்டுரையில் வலியுறுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது. முனைவர் ப. கோமளா அவர்கள் “தமிழரும் அயலார் தொடர்புகளும்” எனும் கட்டுரையில் தமிழர்கள் வைத்திருந்தச் சமய, வர்த்தக மற்றும் பண்பாட்டு உறவுகளைப் பன்னாட்டு வரலாற்றுப் பின்னணியில் ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். தமிழ்ச் சமூகத்தின் உலகளாவிய இடம்பெயர்வும் தொடர்பும் இக்கட்டுரையில் விளக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. அ. சகாய சுசி அவர்கள் “நெய்தல் நிலத் தலைமக்கள்” எனும் கட்டுரையில் சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் நெய்தல் நில மக்களின் தலைமைப் பண்பும், சமூகப் பணிகளும் பற்றிய படிமங்களை ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். கடலோர வாழ்வியலின் அடையாளங்களும் தலைமுறைச் சிந்தனைகளும் இக்கட்டுரையின் முக்கிய அம்சமாக உள்ளன.
முனைவர் இரா. சங்கர் அவர்கள் “சங்க காலத்தில் நடுகல் வழிபாடு” எனும் கட்டுரையில் சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் இடம் பெற்றுள்ள நடுகல் வழிபாட்டுப் பிம்பங்களைப் பகுத்தறிந்து, வீர மரபின் பண்பாட்டு முக்கியத்துவத்தையும் விளக்குகிறார். நினைவேந்தல் மற்றும் சமூகக் கண்ணோட்டம் இவ்வாய்வில் தெளிவாகக் காணப்படுகிறது. ஏ. சந்தானலட்சுமி அவர்கள் “அ. முத்துலிங்கம் சிறுகதைகளில் அயலக வாழ்க்கை நிலை” எனும் கட்டுரையில் வெளிநாட்டில் வாழும் தமிழர்களின் வாழ்வியல் சிக்கல்களை, அடையாளவியல் மற்றும் மனநிலை அடிப்படையில் ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். இடம், தேசம் மற்றும் நெசம் பற்றிய தத்துவார்த்தக் கேள்விகளை இக்கட்டுரை முன்வைக்கிறது. சரண் சுக்லாம் ஆத்மலிங்கம் “GamiLab விளையாட்டுச் செயலி வழி படிவம் நான்கு மாணவருக்குக் குற்றியலுகரம் கற்பித்தல்” எனும் கட்டுரையில், செயலி அடிப்படையிலான பயிற்சியூட்டும் முறைகள் குற்றியலுகரக் கல்வியில் எப்படி தாக்கத்தை ஏற்படுத்துகின்றன என்பதைக் குறித்து ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். புதிய தொழில்நுட்பப் பயன்பாடுகள் மொழி கற்பித்தலில் எப்படி செயல் பெறுகின்றன என்பது வலியுறுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது.
மா. சீத்தாராமன் “அகத்திணைப் பாடல்களில் தோழியைச் சுட்டும் காரணப் பெயர்கள்” எனும் கட்டுரையில் அகப்பாடல்களில் தோழிக்கு வழங்கப்படும் பண்பாட்டு அடையாளப் பெயர்கள் மற்றும் அவற்றின் இலக்கியச் செறிவு குறித்து விரிவாக ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். காதல் இலக்கியத்தில் தோழியின் இடம் இக்கட்டுரையில் வலியுறுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது. திருமதி ச. சுதா “சங்க கால அரசு உருவாக்கம்” எனும் கட்டுரையில், சங்க இலக்கியங்களில் அரசியல் அமைப்புகள், மன்னர்களின் பண்புகள் மற்றும் ஆட்சி முறைகள் பற்றிய கூறுகளை ஆய்வின் மையமாகக் கொண்டுள்ளார். பழங்கால தமிழரின் ஆட்சி இலக்கணங்களை இந்தக் கட்டுரை வெளிப்படுத்துகிறது. அ. சுபர்ணா அவர்கள் "குறுந்தொகையில் அம்பலும் அலரும்" எனும் ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரையில் குறுந்தொகை பாடல்களில் இடம்பெறும் அம்பல் மற்றும் அலர் எனும் மலர்களின் காவியப் பயனையும், அதன் சமூகக் கருவியையும் விளக்குகிறார். காலத்தின் இயற்கை நேசத்தையும், அந்தப் பருவ அனுபவத்தையும் விளக்குகின்றார். சு. சுஜிறிஷா அவர்கள் "விளவங்கோடு வட்டார வழக்குச் சொற்களில் புணர்ச்சி விதிகள்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், விளவங்கோடு பகுதியில் பயன்படும் வழக்குச் சொற்களின் புணர்ச்சி அமைப்புகளை மொழியியல் நோக்கில் ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். வட்டார மொழிச் செம்மைகளும் இலக்கண மாற்றங்களும் இதில் விரிவாக விவரிக்கப்படுகின்றன. இ. செண்பகபிரியா அவர்கள் "இலக்கியத்தின் வழியில் மக்களால் ஏற்படும் மாசுபாடு" எனும் கட்டுரையில், மனிதச் செயல்கள் இயற்கைச் சூழலின் மீதான தாக்கங்களாக எவ்வாறு இலக்கியத்தில் பிரதிபலிக்கின்றன என்பதை ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். மனிதநேயம் மற்றும் சுற்றுச்சூழல் விழிப்புணர்வும் இக்கட்டுரையில் மேலோங்குகின்றன.
இரா. சௌந்தர்யா அவர்கள் "தமிழன்பன் கவிதைகளில் சமுதாயம்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், தமிழன்பன் கவிதைகள் சமூகநேயம் மற்றும் வாழ்க்கைச் சிக்கல்களின் பிரதிநிதியாக அமைந்துள்ளதைக் விளக்குகின்றார். து. திவ்யா அவர்கள் "அப்பர் தேவாரத்தில் தலைவி கூற்று" எனும் கட்டுரையில், தேவாரப் பாடல்களில் தலைவியின் மனநிலையும் பக்தியுடனானக் கூற்றும் எப்படி ஆன்மீக வெளிப்பாடாக அமைக்கப்படுகின்றன என்பதை ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். இக்கட்டுரை பக்தி இலக்கியத்தில் பெண்களின் இடத்தைப் பிரதிபலிக்கிறது. க. நவநீதக்கண்ணன் அவர்கள் "மூன்றாம் உலகப்போர் புதினம் காட்டும் சுற்றுச்சூழல் மாசுபாட்டில் பன்னாட்டு அரசியல்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், நவீன உலகில் சூழல் மாசுபாட்டை பன்னாட்டு அரசியலோடு தொடர்புபடுத்தும் இலக்கியக் கோணத்தை விவரிக்கின்றார். சூழல் நீதிக்கான இலக்கிய எதிர்வினை இங்கு வலியுறுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது. முனைவர் கி. நாகேந்திரன் அவர்கள் "திருமங்கலம் வட்டார நாட்டுப்புற பெண்களிடம் நிகழும் வளமைச்சடங்கு" எனும் கட்டுரையில், நாட்டுப்புற மக்களிடையே தொடரும் வளமான வாழ்வுக்கான சடங்குகள், அதன் சமூக நம்பிக்கைகள் மற்றும் மரபுவழித் தொடர்ச்சிகள் குறித்து விரிவாக ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். பா. நாகேஸ்வரி அவர்கள் "எஸ். ராமகிருஷ்ணனின் சஞ்சாரம் நாவல் காட்டும் நாதஸ்வரக் கலைஞர்களின் பண்பாடு" எனும் கட்டுரையில், நாதஸ்வரக் கலைஞர்களின் வாழ்க்கை, இசை மரபு மற்றும் பண்பாட்டு நிலையை சஞ்சாரம் நாவலின் வழியாக ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். இசைக் கலையின் வாழ்க்கையுடனான அகமிகு உறவுகள் இங்கு சுட்டிக்காட்டப்படுகின்றன. சே. நிர்மலா அவர்கள் "கருப்பொருள் நோக்கில் மருதத்திணைப் பாடல்கள்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், மருத நில வாழ்வியலை மையமாகக் கொண்டு அமைந்துள்ள பாடல்களின் கருப்பொருள் அமைப்புகளை ஆழமாக ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். சமூக நீதி, உழைப்பு, அரசியல் போன்ற கருக்கள் இவ்வாய்வில் இடம்பெறுகின்றன. க. நிஷா அவர்கள் "மருதத்திணை மக்களின் மொழியும் வாழ்வும்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், மருத நில மக்களின் மொழி அமைப்பு, பண்பாட்டு மரபு, சமூகத்துடன் கட்டிய நெருக்கம் ஆகியவற்றை நுணுக்கமாக எடுத்துரைத்துள்ளார். நாட்டு வாழ்வியலைப் பிரதிபலிக்கும் மொழிவழி சான்றுகள் இக்கட்டுரையில் பிரதானமாக உள்ளன.
எஸ். பரமேஸ்வரி அவர்கள் "பட்டுக்கோட்டை பிரபாகர் படைப்புகளில் பண்பாட்டுத் தொடர்ச்சியும் படைப்பாளுமையும்" எனும் ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரையில், பட்டுக்கோட்டை பிரபாகர் படைப்புகளில் வெளிப்படும் பாரம்பரிய பண்பாட்டு அம்சங்களையும், அவற்றுடன் தொடர்புடைய படைப்பாற்றல் வெளிப்பாடுகளையும் ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். அவரின் கதைகளில் சமூக சிக்கல்கள் மற்றும் கலாசார மாற்றங்கள் எவ்வாறு பிரதிபலிக்கின்றன என்பதையும் எடுத்துரைக்கின்றார். திருமதி. நா. பகுஷியா பேகம் அவர்கள் "கலித்தொகையில் எழுதிணைகள்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், கலித்தொகை நூலில் இடம்பெறும் ஏழு திணைகளின் இலக்கிய அமைப்பை ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். ஒவ்வொரு திணையும் சார்ந்த இயற்கை சூழலும், காதல் நிலைகளும் எவ்வாறு வர்ணிக்கப்படுகின்றன என்பதை விளக்கி உள்ளார். கா. பிரியங்கா அவர்கள் "சங்க கால தலைவன் மற்றும் பாங்கன் உணர்வுகளும் உரையாடல்களும்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் தலைவன் மற்றும் பாங்கன் பகிரும் உணர்வுகள் மற்றும் உரையாடல்களை நுண்ணாய்வு செய்துள்ளார். தலைவனின் காதல் நிலை மற்றும் பாங்கனின் ஊடாடும் பங்கு ஆகியவையும் சிந்தனையோடு ஆராயப்பட்டுள்ளன. ல. பிரியதர்ஷினி அவர்கள் "திணையியல் நோக்கில் குறுந்தொகைப் பாடல்கள்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், குறுந்தொகை பாடல்களில் இடம்பெறும் திணைகளின் அம்சங்களை ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். இயற்கை, காதல், சூழ்நிலை ஆகியவைகள் எவ்வாறு பாவனையாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன என்பதையும் விரிவாக விளக்கியுள்ளார். பி. மாணிக்கவாசகம் அவர்கள் "தமிழ் இலக்கியங்களில் பால்புதுமையர்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், தமிழிலக்கியங்களில் பால்புதுமையர் (transgender) குறித்த எழுத்துப் பார்வைகளை ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். சமூக பங்கை அடையாளப்படுத்தும் விதத்தில் பால்புதுமையர்களின் வரலாற்றுப் பின்னணியை முன்வைத்துள்ளார். சி. முடியழகி அவர்கள் "தருமபுரி மாவட்ட இருளர் பழங்குடியின மக்களின் காட்டுக்கோவில் முனியப்பன் வழிபாடு" எனும் கட்டுரையில், அந்தப் பகுதியில் பழங்குடி மக்கள் கடைப்பிடிக்கும் முன்னோர்கள் வழிபாட்டை ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். காட்டுக்கோவில் முனியப்பன் வழிபாட்டின் சமூக மற்றும் ஆன்மீகப் பாரம்பரியம் பற்றியும் விளக்குகின்றார். சி. முனியாண்டி அவர்கள் "புறநானூற்றுப் பாடல்களால் அறிய வரும் வாழ்க்கைத் தத்துவங்கள்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், புறநானூற்றுப் பாடல்களில் இடம் பெறும் வாழ்வியல் அறங்களை எடுத்துரைத்துள்ளார். அப்பாடல்களில் நேர்மை, தன்னிலைமை, சமூக நீதிக்கான விழிப்பு ஆகியவை எவ்வாறு வெளிப்படுகின்றன என்பதையும் விளக்கி உள்ளார்.
அ. ரஞ்சிதா அவர்கள் "சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் அரசபெண்பாற்புலவர் பாடல்களின் உளவியல்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், சங்க கால அரச பெண்பாற்புலவர்கள் இயற்றிய பாடல்களின் உளவியல் நிலைகளை ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். பெண்களின் மனநிலை, சமூக பங்கு மற்றும் கவிதைப் பார்வை ஆகியவை இக்கட்டுரையில் நுணுக்கமாக ஆராயப்பட்டுள்ளன. முனைவர் பொ. ராஜா அவர்கள் "பெரும் புரவலர் ஆண்டிப்பட்டி ஜமீன் ஸ்ரீமான் பெத்தாச்சி செட்டியார்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், அந்திப் பட்டி ஜமீனின் கலாசார சேவைகளை ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். பெத்தாச்சி செட்டியாரின் தானதர்ம செயற்பாடுகள் மற்றும் கல்வி வளர்ச்சியில் அவருடைய பங்கு பற்றியும் விளக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. முனைவர் ஆ. இராஜாத்தி அவர்கள் "குறுந்தொகை மருதத்திணையில் ஊடல் (புலவி) நுணுக்கம்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், குறுந்தொகையில் இடம்பெறும் மருதத்திணைப் பாடல்களில் ஊடல் அல்லது புலவி குறித்த நுணுக்கமான உணர்வுகளை ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். காதல் மனநிலைகள், பெண்ணின் உணர்வுப் பரிமாற்றங்கள் போன்றவை கவிதையின் மொழிநயத்துடன் இணைத்து விளக்கப்படுகின்றன. தி. ரேணுகா தேவி அவர்கள் "எஸ். ராமகிருஷ்ணனின் பயணக்கட்டுரையில் வாழ்வியல் நெறிகள்" எனும் ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரையில், அவரது பயண அனுபவங்களின் வழியாக உருவாகும் வாழ்வியல் நெறிகளை ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். சமூக வாழ்வியல் உணர்வுகள், பண்பாட்டு பார்வைகள் மற்றும் மனித ஒற்றுமை ஆகியவை எப்படி பயணக்கட்டுரைகளில் இடம்பிடிக்கின்றன என்பதையும் விளக்கியுள்ளார். மா. ரேவதி அவர்கள் "புறநானூற்றில் மன்னர்களின் போர்ச்சிறப்பு" எனும் கட்டுரையில், சங்கக் காலப் புறநானூறு பாடல்களில் மன்னர்களின் வீரமும் போர்க்கலையின் தன்மை குறித்தும் விரிவாக ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். போரின் நேர்மை, வீரப்புகழ், மற்றும் சமூகத்தில் மன்னர்கள் வகித்த இடத்தைத் தெளிவுபடுத்துகிறார். கே. வருசக்கனி அவர்கள் "காடு வளர்ப்பு குறித்த நிலையான வளர்ச்சி இலக்குகளும் தமிழ் பண்பாட்டின் கோவில் காடுகளும்" என்ற ஆய்வில், தமிழ் பாரம்பரியத்தில் காணப்படும் கோவில் காடுகள் மற்றும் தற்போதைய SDG இலக்குகள் இடையே உள்ள தொடர்புகளை ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். சுற்றுச்சூழலின் பாதுகாப்பில் கோவில் காடுகள் வகிக்கும் பங்கு பற்றியும் விளக்கியுள்ளார்.
ம. வெங்கடலட்சுமி அவர்கள் "வைணவத் தத்துவங்கள் புலப்படுத்தும் பக்தி நெறிகள்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், வைணவ சிந்தனையில் அடங்கிய தத்துவங்களின் வழியாக பக்தி நெறிகள் எப்படி விளக்கப்படுகின்றன என்பதை ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். ஆன்மீக வளர்ச்சி, எளிமை மற்றும் சேவையின் அர்த்தங்கள் முக்கியமாக முன்வைக்கப்படுகின்றன. டே. ஜினி அவர்கள் "திரை மொழியில் சிறைபுனைகதையினை உணர்த்தும் பாடல்களில் சமூகம்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், திரைப்படப் பாடல்களில் சிறைபுனைகதைகளின் வெளிப்பாடுகள் மற்றும் அவை சமூகத்துடன் உள்ள உறவுகள் பற்றி விமர்சனமாக ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். இவற்றின் மூலம் மக்கள் மனப்பான்மைகள், எதிர்ப்பு குரல்கள் எப்படி உருவாகின்றன என்பதையும் ஆராய்கிறார்.
பெ. ஜோதி அவர்கள் "சிலப்பதிகாரத்தில் தொழில்கள்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், சிலப்பதிகாரக் காவியத்தில் தோன்றும் பல்வேறு தொழில்கள், அவற்றின் சமூகப் பங்கு மற்றும் பொருளாதார நிலையை விளக்குகிறார். தொழில்கள் குறித்து சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் தரப்படும் தகவல்களின் அடிப்படையில் ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். அ. ஜோசப் அனிதா அவர்கள் "முத்துப்பேட்டை புனித காணிக்கை அன்னை ஆலயமும் சேதுபதி மன்னர்களும்" என்ற கட்டுரையில், மதுராந்தகத்தில் உள்ள ஆலய வரலாறும், சேதுபதி மன்னர்களின் கிறித்தவ பங்களிப்பும் குறித்து விரிவாக எடுத்துரைத்துள்ளார். மதப் பரிமாற்றங்களின் வரலாற்றுப் புள்ளிகளையும் ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். சு. ஸ்ரீநிதி அவர்கள் "கலித்தொகை சுட்டும் பொருள் வாழ்வு" எனும் ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரையில், கலித்தொகையில் காணப்படும் பொருள் வாழ்வு சார்ந்த செய்திகள் மற்றும் அவை சமய, பண்பாட்டு, பொருளாதார அடித்தளங்களை எப்படி பிரதிபலிக்கின்றன என்பதை ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார். ஆ. ஹரிதாபேபி அவர்கள் "இராவண காவியத்தில் அறம்" எனும் கட்டுரையில், இராவண காவியத்தில் எழுபடுகின்ற அறப் பார்வைகள், நல்லதுக்கும் கெட்டதுக்கும் இடையிலான எதிக்கப் போக்குகள், மற்றும் மனிதனின் கலாச்சாரப் பண்புகளுக்கான ஒளிப்படங்களை ஆராய்ந்துள்ளார்.
நன்றி.
- பதிப்பாசிரியர்
1. சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் நுண்கலைகள்
த. அமுதா / முனைவர் வீ. தனலெட்சுமி
Fine Arts in Sangam Literature
T. Amutha / Dr. V. Dhanalakshmi
Abstract
The fine arts of the ancient Tamils have reflected the lifestyle and culture of the people. The people who lived at that time built temples, palaces, walls, and houses that were unaffected by natural disasters and had good ventilation. They have displayed their artistic skills by painting dazzling paintings on temple halls and palace walls. Even today, houses and temples are being built with good ventilation and in a pleasing manner. They have effectively developed the art of sculpture using a wide range of materials, including clay, wood, brick, stone, metal, ivory, wax, and varnish. It can be seen in the palaces, the idol, the Kollippavai, and so on. People danced and sang in celebration of the king's victory. In ancient times, dances such as Thunamgaik Koothu, Muntherk Kuravai, and Pintherk Kuravai were performed among the people. There have been significant changes in these dances and arts, such as Karakattam, Kavadi dance, and Poikkal Kudhirai dance, which have evolved into art forms that continue to entertain people in the present day. There was no separate section for dancing. Everyone in the Tamil community danced due to class divisions; artists like the Panar and Koothar emerged, competing with the kings for a living. The Panars in this group have developed their musical art as singers and dancers of the Koothar and Viraliyar. Today, folk artists have played a significant role in creating these art forms. There is also considerable evidence in the Sangam literature that the fine arts were highly esteemed. So, the purpose of this research article is to explore the merits of fine arts in the Sangam Literature.
Keywords: Fine Arts, Sangam Literature, Tamil Culture, Music, Aesthetic Sense.
2. தமிழ்ப்புதினங்களில் வெள்ளப் பேரிடர் காலப்பதிவுகள் மற்றும் மேலாண்மைச் சிந்தனைகள்
முனைவர் ப. அன்பரசி
Flood Disaster Chronology and Management Considerations in Tamil Novels
Dr. P. Anbarasi
Abstract
Natural forces run the world. Changes in those natural phenomena disrupt the life of living beings on Earth. In that case, the changes in nature would be disastrous. These disasters can be categorised into two main types: artificial catastrophes and natural disasters. Human activities cause most natural disasters. Life in the world is in harmony with nature. In life, due to nature, there are dangers in certain situations. The government is implementing many efforts through laws to save people and other lives from such hazards. In the absence of a formal government organisation, volunteers have been helping with this for a long time. In this way, there has been a danger of flooding caused by water in the lives of ancient people. The ancient people built a dam to save themselves from that danger. People have tried to save themselves, their dependents and their belongings when there is a flood in the area of dam construction and other situations. They have migrated from there to other safe places. First, women and children saved movable and easily salvageable items. The rescued people are kept in a safe place. They provide food, dry mats and clothes to the people who have lost everything. They make the flood flow from their place. Tamil novels portray the registration of such disasters as floods and their management. This paper scrutinises glimpses of flood disasters and management featured in Tamil novels.
Keywords: Flood, Disaster Management, Tamil Novels, Kallikattu Ithigasam, Karisal.
3. இயேசுவின் போதனைகளில் மனித நேயம்
சி. இன்பநாதன் / முனைவர் மு. சம்பத்குமார்
Humanity in the Preaching of Christ
C. Inbanathan / Dr. M. Sampathkumar
Abstract
True humanity is characterised by respect for adversaries. Humanity can transcend resentment and extend compassion towards strangers. It cultivates humility, rejects strife and embraces generosity by upholding righteousness in times of grief. It disdains diligent labour and celebrates the dignity of toil. Furthermore, it seeks to eradicate divisions by uplifting the impoverished and fostering progress regardless of intellectual limitations. To embody such humaneness is the highest moral grace. This essay explores these virtues through the teachings of Jesus Christ, who warned against actions that dehumanise others. Christ warns against exploitative practices such as bribery, harsh speech and mockery of the marginalised and condemns them as manifestations of moral decay. Christ's teachings emphasise that subjecting individuals to suffering for personal gain is antithetical to human dignity. His doctrine advocates for empathy, equity and selfless service as foundations of a just society. Christ's admonitions against corruption and oppression highlight the ethical imperative of humanity. His call to "love thy neighbour" extends beyond passive goodwill by demanding active resistance to injustice. In contemporary discourse, these principles remain vital in addressing systemic inequities and fostering social harmony. Ultimately, the moral integrity of humanity is measured by its adherence to compassion over cruelty, justice over exploitation, and humility over arrogance. Hence, the article examines these ideals through the preaching of Christ.
Keywords: Humanity, Preaching, Compassion, Christ.
4. கன்னிக்கோவில் இராஜாவின் படைப்புகளில் சுற்றுச்சூழல் சிந்தனைகள்
சி. உமாமகேஸ்வரி / முனைவர் வே. மணிகண்டன்
Environmental Thoughts in Kannikkovil Raja's Works
S. Uma maheswari / Dr. V. Manikandan
Abstract
The term 'environment' broadly refers to the natural world, encompassing both living and non-living elements that surround us. Also termed 'ecological sphere' it forms a critical focus in the literary works of Kannikkovil Raja, a children's author and environmental activist. This article examines the environmental themes prevalent in his works, particularly addressing water pollution, soil contamination, air pollution, global warming, biodiversity, waste management, plastic usage, and the necessity of nature conservation. In contemporary discourse, environmental protection is paramount to national progress. Raja's writings uniquely integrate ecological concerns, emphasising the urgent need to safeguard water, air, and land resources while advocating for biodiversity conservation. His works highlight both the vulnerabilities of ecosystems to pollution and strategies for their preservation. Environmental awareness must be widely disseminated, and Raja’s literature serves as an effective medium for this purpose. His narratives not only depict ecological degradation but also inspire proactive conservation efforts. By embedding themes such as sustainable waste management and the perils of plastic pollution, his works foster ecological literacy among young readers. Kannikkovil Raja distinguishes himself as an author who comprehensively addresses environmental crises while proposing solutions. His contributions underscore the interdependence between human progress and ecological sustainability, reinforcing the idea that national development is inextricably linked to environmental stewardship. Through his literature, Raja cultivates a generation conscious of its role in preserving the planet.
Keywords: Tamil Literature, Environment, Thought, Kannikkovil Raja, Novels.
5. கவிஞர் தங்கம் மூர்த்தியின் கவிதைகளில் பெண்ணியச் சிக்கல்கள்
க. உஷாநந்தினி / முனைவர் ப. பாலமுருகன்
Feminine Oriented Problems in the Poetry of Kavignar Thangam Moorthi
K. Usha Nandini / Dr. P. Balamurugan
Abstract
The poetry of Thangam Moorthi offers a poignant criticism of contemporary social issues with particular emphasis on female gender inequalities. His works address the challenges faced by women in wage discrimination, educational deprivation, forced labour and the economic exploitation. Muthu's verses reveal patriarchal structures that relegate women to secondary status in domestic, social and professional life. He employs stark realism and satirical nuance through poetry and interrogates such inequities. His poertry explores maternal relationships, poverty and workplace problems. This paper examines how his poetic works articulates the physical, psychological and environmental struggles of working-class women. Anthropological evidence from hunter-gatherer societies demonstrates women's primary role in survival economies. They are particularly used for food procurement. Muthu's work resurrects this legacy to analyse modern dependencies of women. His poems concerns on working women and carefully document the oppression on women that manifest in bodily, mental and other dimensions. Hence, the research employs feminist literary theory to analyse the poems and positioning his imperative voice in Tamil literary feminism. It also constitutes both witness and protest the visible the invisible labour that sustains India's future with substantive equality.
Keywords: Poet, Thangam Moorthi, Poems, Feminist Problems.
6. திருப்புகழில் இராமாயணக் கூறுகள்
ச. கண்ணம்மாள் / முனைவர் க. புவனேஸ்வரி
Glimpses of Ramayana in Tiruppugazh
S. Kannammal / Dr. K. Bhuvaneshwari
Abstract
The “Ramayana” and the “Mahabharata” are epics that reflect Indian culture. These two epics have continued to appear in various forms in popular Indian Literature and life throughout time, incidents such as Sri Rama Navami, Sri Krishna Jayanti, Sita’s marriage, and the worship of Draupadi. The stories that had been told orally for generations were transformed into epics and epic poetry over time. The epics “Ramayana” and “Mahabharata” were written in the vernacular by Valmiki and Vedavyasa. They were composed in Tamil by Kambar and Villiputhur Azhwar. The plot and characters have been discussed throughout time. Some of the elements of the story remain the subject of debate even today. The essential elements of the epics are recorded in literature as references, allegories and internal evidence. Arunagirinathar sang about Lord Muruga in Tamil with melodies that evoke awe. He sings about the temples where Lord Muruga resides in the six abodes. He also describes the deities Vinayaka, Thirumal, Lord Shiva and Shakti in “Tiruppugazh”. He talks about Thirumal and highlights the merits of his tenth incarnation. Arunagirinathar sings on Thirumal by narrating the incidents of the “Ramayana” in a few songs. Therefore, the article portrays that the elements of the “Ramayana” story are prevalent in the “Thiruppugazh” songs.
Keywords: Glimpse, Ramayana, Thiruppugazh, Epic, Legendary Characters.
7. சென்ரியு கவிதைகளின் உள்ளடக்கங்கள்
ர. கண்மணி / முனைவர் வே. மணிகண்டன்
Subject Matter of Senryu Poems
R. Kanmani / Dr. V. Manikandan
Abstract
Senryu is a poetic form from Japanese origin that satirizes the society, human behaviour and political foolishness. In Tamil literature, a misunderstanding of Senryu's quintessence has led to many such poems being erroneously classified as Haiku. While Senryu and Haiku may appear similar in structure, they are distinct in concept. Senryu represents an evolutionary development of Haiku by shedding its rigid formal constraints and operate with creative freedom. It differentiates Senryu from other literary forms. The uniqueness of Senryu can be examined through its defining features such as truth-telling, satire, humour, wit, riddles and witty aphorisms. Unlike Haiku, that focuses on nature and seasons, Senryu engages with human follies, social ironies and the absurdities of life. Its strength lies in its ability to criticism, sharp and sardonic observations. This subversive quality allows Senryu to function as both social commentary and literary form. In the Tamil context, the confusion between Senryu and Haiku arises from a superficial resemblance in syllabic structure. However, while Haiku seeks aesthetic and philosophical depth through brevity of wit, Senryu prioritises insightful social criticism. Its liberty from formal inflexibility enables an adaptive expression and makes it a dynamic medium for contemporary social thought. Thus, the article discovers true distinction of Senryu that lies in form and in its steady criticism on human nature.
Keywords: Society, Satire, Riddle, Entertainment, Humor, Humanity, Sarcasm.
8. வட தமிழக மேய்ச்சல் நில வாழ்வியலில் மரபும் மாற்றமும்
முனைவர் சா. கருணாகரன்
Legacy and Change of Pastoral Life in North Tamil Nadu
Dr. S. Karunakaran
Abstract
In human development, the pastoral life stands as a significant one. Tamil literature defines this stage as a way of life lived between migrating communities and settled populations, called the "Mullai" (forest and pasture land) in Tamil. The ancient Tamil Sangam literature records the lives of the Mullai people who depended on pastoral life. The lives of the people relied on herding around two thousand years ago. The integrated regions that encompass present-day North Tamil Nadu (Thondai Mandalam) and some parts of Andhra Pradesh, within the vast Tamil landmass of North Venkatam and South Kumari, are known as Thondai Mandalam. The region is endowed with diverse natural resources such as the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats hills, forests, rivers, grasslands and agricultural lands. Thondai Mandalam stands as a fertile region having a large number of livestock and the historical imprints of various ethnic communities. The pastoral life that prevailed in this region is reflected in the songs of the Sangam poets. The poets of Thondai Mandalam have noted additional details related to pastoral life in their poems. It is essential to understand the influence of livestock on the economy and the lives of people who depend on livestock, particularly in the context of war. The various problems faced by people who rely on pastoralism in modern times, and the decline in livestock numbers. It results in critical issues that need to be addressed very consciously. The bond between the land and livestock is a strong succession that has existed since ancient times. Cattle enrich the soil, and the soil, in turn, nourishes the livestock. Even today, the Tamil society uses livestock manure as fertiliser for the soil. Therefore, multidisciplinary studies of the pastoral way of life in the ancient Thondai Mandalam can shed light on the various problems faced by the modern pastoral industry. Hence, this article examines the pastoral life traditions mentioned by the Sangam poets on Thondai Mandalam and its changes.
Keywords: Legacy, Change, Pastoral Life, North Tamil Nadu, Mullai Land
9. பத்தொன்பதாம் நூற்றாண்டில் திருமுருகாற்றுப்படை மூலப்பதிப்புகள்
முனைவர் சே. கரும்பாயிரம்
The Source Texts of Thirumurugattrupadai in the Nineteenth Century
Dr. S. Karumbayiram
Abstract
Sangam literature is traditionally categorised into two significant collections, namely Ettuthokai (Eight Anthologies) and Pattuppattu (Ten Idylls). This classification was followed by early editors and scholars such as the Perasiriyar, who annotated the Tolkappiyam, and S. Vaiyapuri Pillai, who was instrumental in publishing the source texts of Sangam works. Consequently, it has become customary in scholarly discourse to present Sangam literature under the dual structure of Ettuthokai and Pattuppāṭṭu. The Pattuppattu comprises ten long-form poems, beginning with Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai and ending with Malaipaṭukaṭām. Of these, Tirumurukatruppadai occupies a prominent position as it serves not only as a devotional hymn to Lord Murugan but also as a foundational source for later literary compositions dedicated to the deity. It has inspired extensive exegetical traditions, with commentators such as Parimelalagar and Nalinikiniyar offering detailed interpretations. It has been transmitted for centuries through palm-leaf manuscripts and Tirumurukatruppadai was eventually printed for the first time in the nineteenth century. The earliest known printed edition was brought out by Saravana Perumalaiyar, which contained only the source text. Later editions included both the original text and various commentarial additions. This study focuses specifically on the nineteenth-century printed editions of Tirumurukatruppadai, examining the year of publication, the editors involved, the publishing presses, and the textual variations across different editions. Through this textual cum historical analysis, the paper aims to trace the early print transmission of one of the most significant works of Pattuppattu.
Keywords: Pattuppattu, Tirumurukatruppadai, Source text, 19th Century, Textual Variation.
10. நாட்டுப்புறக் கதைகளில் பண்பாட்டு வாழ்வியல் விழுமியங்கள்
ரா. காயத்ரி / முனைவர் இர. விமல்ராஜ்
Cultural Values of Life in Folk Tales
R. Gayathri / Dr. R. Vimalraj
Abstract
Folk narratives reveal profound insights into the evolution of humankind and the awakening of human consciousness. These stories are grounded in fundamental truths that thrive universally by summarising human desires, tragedies, needs, preferences, dreams and imagination. It not only transforms into narratives but also nurtures the creativity that creates them. Fictional tales articulate the grandeur of human existence through folk stories, portraying life's struggles, aspirations, suffering, caste conflicts, love, morality, anguish, folly, envy, emotional catharsis, deceitful friendships, occult practices, intellectual ingenuity, and justice, serving as ethnographic mirrors of social values. Culture is an intrinsic facet of human society that embodies a way of life characterised by knowledge, belief systems, ethical principles, behavioural norms and customary practices. It derives its meaning from individual dispositions and collective social dynamics and thereby illustrates how personal attributes and communal interactions can construct cultural significance, while folk traditions function as both products and propagators of artistic consciousness by shaping collective identity through their enduring narratives. It reflects and reinforces the interconnectedness of human experience and cultural expression. This study highlights the dual role of folklore as a repository of ancestral wisdom and a dynamic medium for cultural transmission. It also demonstrates how folk stories can perpetuate moral, social, and psychological paradigms across generations and ultimately affirm culture as a reality shaped by individual agency and communal participation.
Keywords: Tamil Culture, Values, Life, Folk Tales.
11. சோ. தர்மன் புதினங்களில் நம்பிக்கைகளும் சகுனமும்
க. கார்த்திக் / முனைவர் இரா. சதாசிவம்
Beliefs and Omens in the Novels of Cho. Dharman
G. Karthik / Dr. R. Sathasivam
Abstract
Cho. Dharman's works provide a profound examination of the belief of rural people His works focussess on how omen interpretation (nambikkai sagunam) structures village life, with his narratives. It covers the sacralization of ecological elements like neem trees (veppa maram) and perching eagles as divine manifestations. Then, traditional meteorological divination practiced by village elders, then the economic augury associating peacock (namakkozhi) sightings with prosperity. It also points out agricultural revival rituals through Kuvai Sami worship and complex omen classification systems interpreting donkey brays and cave echoes as auspicious/inauspicious signs. This study analyzes how Cho. Dharman's reveals these belief structures as cognitive maps to understand ecological uncertainties, social mechanisms of communal identity and cultural repositories of traditional ecological knowledge. The research study examines the semiotic transformation of natural elements such as flora/fauna phenomena into cultural signifiers within the village by demonstrating how these belief systems operate at the connection of environmental hermeneutics, risk management and social cohesion in agrarian communities. It argues that Cho. Dharman's works provide critical insights into the dynamic interplay between folk epistemology and socio-economic transformation in rural South India. Hence, the article investigates the narrative representations of omens and decision making seen in the novels of Cho. Dharman.
Keywords: Cho. Dharman, Novels, Beliefs, Omens, Faith.
12. இலக்கியங்களில் கிடைசார் பதிவுகள்
ச. காளிராஜ் (எ) சிவசக்திவேல் / முனைவர் பெ. சுமதி
Pastoral Records in Tamil Literature
S. Kaliraj @ Sivasakthivel / Dr. P. Sumathi
Abstract
Pastoral life is not easy for everyone. At the same time, it is not new for shepherds. Although all types of communities are involved in pastoral work, pastoral work related to grazing has been familiar to shepherds who were born and raised in the Mullai land in Tamil Nadu since time immemorial. Sangam literature portrays the remarkable lives lived by the Mullai people through incidents such as the king consulting with the Panars about his rule. The art of grazing, the way of roaming cattle in coastal plains and forests, engaging cattle in grazing and making a living by staying in pastures has been evident throughout Tamil novels. Unlike the Sangam literature, the Tamil novels depict a life where women also wander in search of material possessions. The problems they face wherever they go are clearly shown in the novels. The omen of the rabbit indicates what will happen in the future for those who do not understand it. The method of teaching the growing young generation in school, as well as the records of shepherds who used the stars to tell time and keep watch in a para-analytical manner, has been examined and explained through the Sangam literature and fiction literature.
Keywords: Tamil Sangam Literature, Pastoral Life, Mullai Thinai, Indigenous Knowledge System.
13. திறனாய்வு நோக்கில் தமிழச்சி தங்கப்பாண்டியன் படைப்புகள்
சி. கீர்த்தனா / முனைவர் ச. தனலெட்சுமி
The Works of Tamilachi Thangapandian from a Critical Perspective
C. Keerthana / Dr. S. Dhanalakshmi
Abstract
The contemporary Tamil literary scenario demonstrates remarkable expansion in creative and scholarly domains with meaningful contributions of intellectual thought. Intellectual ideas are embodied in the works of Tamilachi Thangapandian. She is an eminent Tamil poet whose poetry elevates the imagery of land and moonlight with social issues through a sociological perspective. Her poetry explores the relationship between literature and familial systems, religion, education, legal and economic state. This study reveals the ideals that evolve with social values, normative conflicts, and current ideological struggles. It is particularly focused on feminist resistance against patriarchal systems. This study extends a rich tradition of Tamil women’s literary expression that spans from the ancient Sangam poet Auvai to contemporary feminist voices challenging gender hierarchies. Feminism is not an abstract theoretical construct but an active movement that seeks to dismantle women’s subjugation from moderate reform to radical transformation. Tamilachi Thangapandian’s poetic collections illustrate these dimensions by keeping together ecological feminism through natural symbolism, professional marginalisation and gender-psychological oppression. Her works highlight the cultural distinctiveness of Tamil feminist poetry and its enrichment of feminist discourses. Hence, this article brings down an artistic expression and sociopolitical commentary from Tamilachi Thangapandian’s poetry as a vital force for cultural conservation and progressive social change.
Keywords: Feminism, Works, Tamilachi Thangapandian, Criticism.
14. தமிழரும் அயலார் தொடர்புகளும்
முனைவர் ப. கோமளா
Tamils and Foreign Relations
Dr. P. Komala
Abstract
There is much evidence that Tamils have traded across the seas, as seen in the ancient inscriptions, archaeological sites, and temples. The products produced in Tamil Nadu have been exported to other countries in ancient days. The products from different countries have been brought here and sold to those who are in need. The ports that operated in places like Korkai, Thondi, Musiri, Kaveripoompattinam and Marungur are elite proof of this. In such a way, Tamils and other countries have established relations through trade. The governments of the day have also been very supportive of trade relationships to thrive. Yavanas (Greeks), Arabs, and Savagas have come here and done trade with the Tamils. Their trade is remembered even today because they acted honestly and diligently with the Tamils. Although the old port cities have disappeared now, the historical evidence they have left behind tells us what kinds of goods Tamils and other countries exported and imported in trade. The Sangam literature speaks of the relations that Tamils and other nations established through trade and the wealth that distinguished them. Thus, this article highlights the maritime trade through the books Ettuthokai, Pathupattu, Silappathikaram, and Manimekalai. Therefore, the article investigates the connections that Tamils had with other nations in facilitating trade relationships.
Keywords: Tamils, Sangam literature, Tamil Culture, Maritime, Foreign Relations.
15. நெய்தல் நிலத் தலைமக்கள்
அ. சகாய சுசி / முனைவா் சு. இளமாறன்
The Leaders of Neithal Land
A. Sahaya Susi / Dr. S. Elamaran
Abstract
The description of a culture in a linear form is called ethnography. It is also referred to as “writing culture.” It means documenting the culture of an individual ethnic group or community in its entirety. This study examines the names of the great weavers of the Sangam period, leaders of the weaving community, such as the Serppan, Konkan, Umanan, Valignan, Duraivan, and Pulamban, who lived under these titles in the Kanniyakumari district weaving community, along with their historical background, approached through the neutrality of ethnography. Ethnic groups represent a detailed aspect of human civilisation. An ethnic group is a social category or community bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture within a larger society. Ethnic diversity is a form of social complexity found in most contemporary societies. Traditionally, the legacy of conquest brought diverse peoples under the rule of dominant groups. Rulers often imported people for their interests, whether for labour, technical skills, or commercial expertise. Industrialisation intensified these migration patterns for economic reasons, while political and religious persecution forced people from their ancestral lands. Hence, this study examines how leaders of the Neithal Land guide people from different backgrounds to meet their needs.
Keywords: Sangam, Leaders, Culture, Ethnography, Civilisation, Coastal Land.
16. சங்க காலத்தில் நடுகல் வழிபாடு
முனைவர் இரா. சங்கர்
Hero Stone Worship in Sangam Age
Dr. R. Sankar
Abstract
Worship is an ancient tradition in Tamil Nadu to face fear through reverence. It is believed that early Tamil society sought protection by worshipping what they feared. This practice evolved into multiple layers that include nature worship, ancestor worship, hero stone worship and idolatry. Archaeological evidence suggests that burial customs were integral to Tamil society with rituals designed to honour the deceased in war. The tradition of ancestor worship emerged to appease ancestral spirits ensuring that they did not pose a threat to them. This practice persists in various forms today. Another significant development was the commemoration of fallen warriors through hero stones (Nadukkal). These stones are often inscribed with the names and deeds of the deceased who served as a testament to their valour in war or feud. Tamil literary sources portray the hero-stone tradition and highlight the connection between warriors, kings, and agricultural communities. The construction of memorials that include walls and hero stones reflects a classy socio-religious system that honoured both martial and agrarian contributions. Thus, hero stone worship in ancient Tamil Nadu was not only a spiritual one but also a means of preserving social memory and communal identity. Therefore, the article investigates hero stone worship in sangam age.
Keywords: Hero Stone, Worship, War, Valour, Sangam Age.
17. அ.முத்துலிங்கம் சிறுகதைகளில் அயலக வாழ்க்கை நிலை
ஏ. சந்தானலட்சுமி / முனைவர் வே. மணிகண்டன்
The Condition of Expatriate Life in A. Muthulingam’s Short Stories
E. Sandhanalaksmi / Dr. V. Manikandan
Abstract
This article explores the portrayal of diasporic existence in A. Muthulingam’s short stories. It examines his literary representations of socio-cultural realities across eleven countries where he resided and worked that includes the United States, Afghanistan, Canada, Sudan, Sierra Leone, Pakistan, France, Somalia, Kenya (Nairobi), Sweden, and Puerto Rico. The study investigates how Muthulingam’s fiction that captures the complex interplay between cultural preservation and adaptation in foreign environments. The analysis focuses on Muthulingam’s depictions of daily life abroad by his attention to cultural practices, dietary customs, ethnic and linguistic differences, and varying levels of civilizational development. His stories reveal the psychological and social challenges faced by migrant communities as they find their way in unfamiliar value systems while striving to maintain their cultural heritage. The narratives serve as valuable ethnographic accounts that document both the opportunities and struggles inherent in transnational mobility, from economic advancement to experiences of racial discrimination and cultural alienation. Through his literary portrayals, Muthulingam emerges as a storyteller of the Tamil transnational experience by offering insights into the preservation of cultural memory and the formation of hybrid identities in diaspora communities. His works contribute significantly to broader discourses on migration literature by showing the complex terrain of postcolonial labour movements and the enduring connections between migrants and their homelands. Hence, the article studies the stories that show how individuals and communities negotiate their identities across geographical and cultural boundaries in the short stories of Muthulingam.
Keywords: Tamil Diaspora, Condition, Expatriate Life, A. Muthulingam, Short Stories.
18. GamiLab விளையாட்டுச் செயலி வழி படிவம் நான்கு மாணவருக்குக் குற்றியலுகரம் கற்பித்தல்
சரண்சுக்லாம் ஆத்மலிங்கம் / மனோன்மணி தேவி அண்ணாமலை
Teaching ‘Kutriyalugaram’ Grammar for Form Four Students Using GamiLab Online Game App
Sharan Suklam Ahtma Lingam / Manonmani Devi Annamalai
Abstract
Kutriyalugaram serves as the sole orthographic grammar component for Form four students in Malaysian Tamil language education. It presents significant comprehension challenges for learners. Traditional pedagogical approaches often generate student boredom and academic stress. There is a need for necessitating innovative technology-based gamification methodologies to enhance learning outcomes. This qualitative research investigates the implementation of 'GamiLab', a gamification application, to teach the grammar of “Kutriyalugaram” through game-based learning approaches. The application features a cycling game format titled 'Let's Learn Kutriyalugaram' by incorporating puzzle-based questions to facilitate interactive learning experiences for the learners. Through this gamified platform, students acquire motivational elements including points, achievement levels, stars and badges to foster enhanced engagement in the learning process. Educators receive comprehensive assessment data to evaluate student performance and achievement levels effectively. In the contemporary educational setting online learning environments, such gamification strategies can augment student motivation and facilitate benefic academic outcomes. This study demonstrates the critical importance of technological innovation in Tamil grammar instruction and highlights the potential role of digital gamification tools to transform traditional language learning methodologies and improve pedagogical effectiveness in Malaysian Tamil education contexts.
Keywords: GamiLab App, Gamification Tool, Kutriyalugaram, Grammar Teaching, Tamil.
19. அகத்திணைப் பாடல்களில் தோழியைச் சுட்டும் காரணப் பெயர்கள்
மா. சீத்தாராமன் / முனைவர் சா. சுஜாதா
Attributive Names Denoting the Female Companion in Agathinai Poetry
M. Seetharaman / Dr. S. Sujatha
Abstract
In the literary conventions of Agathinai the interior landscape of love in classical Tamil poetry is very vital to see. The Thozhi (friend) serves as a key figure with multiple interconnected roles. She functions as the closest companion of the heroine and a guide in romantic relationships, and a mediator who alleviates emotional distress of the heroine. Her importance becomes evident during periods of separation, when she undertakes the dual responsibility of comforting the grieving heroine while reassuring her of the hero's eventual return. She maintains the emotional stability of the heroine and act as a bridge between the lovers. The Thozhi facilitates communication by conveying the heroine's unspoken feelings to the hero and resolve tensions. She ensures the continuity of their relationship. The Thozhi acts as an emotional supporter, medium and moral support. Thse qualities highlight her structural significance in Agathinai poetics. Not being as a passive accessory, the Thozhi represents an archetype of female agency by skillfully navigating the complex interplay between private emotions and social expectations. Hence, this study examines the Thozhi's distinctive literary identity by demonstrating that her interventions are not merely functional but fundamental to the Akattinai view. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to illustrate the position of the female companion and her attributive names Agathinai Poems.
Keywords: Attrributive Names, Thozhi, Agathinai Poetry, Love, Sangam Literature.
20. சங்க கால அரசு உருவாக்கம்
திருமதி ச. சுதா / முனைவர் ச. தனலெட்சுமி
Formation of the Sangam Period Government
Mrs. S. Sudha / Dr. S. Dhanalakshmi
Abstract
The origin of the state is rooted in human social evolution. At first, humans lived in isolation and wandered as nomads. Over time, fear, conflict, and the need for collective security led them to form groups. These groups felt the need for leadership, which led to the emergence of a ruler. It is who he could guide and protect, marking the beginning of structured governance. Historians argue that permanent settlement was a crucial factor in the formation of states. Tamil Sangam literature spans the period from 300 BCE to 300 CE. It offers valuable insights into the early stages of state formation in South India. The Sangam Poetry describe how tribal chieftains (Vēlirs) evolved into kings (Vendhar) by ruling the settled agrarian and trade-based societies. The Purananooru and Agananooru poems highlight the transition from ethnic groups to monarchal rule, where kings derived authority from martial prowess and legitimacy. The Tinai concept (ecological landscape) in Sangam poetry also reflects how topography influenced political organisation, with fertile regions nurturing stable kingdoms, such as the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas. Moreover, Sangam Poetry emphasises the role of trade, warfare and patronage in consolidating state power and regime. Port cities like Muziri and Korkai became economic centres that necessitated strong governance. Thus, the article examines how Sangam literature supports the theory that state formation emerged from settled life, leadership needs, and socio-economic complexities in ancient South India.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Government Formation, Kings, Tamil Nadu.
21. குறுந்தொகையில் அம்பலும் அலரும்
அ. சுபர்ணா / முனைவர் மு. விஜயகுமார்
Ambal and Alar in Kurunthogai
A. Subarna / Dr. M. Vijayakumar
Abstract
The life and lifestyle of the Sangam-era Tamil people were of an exemplary and refined nature. The people of that time divided their lives into Akam (inner, private life) and Puram (outer, public life) and lived accordingly. In the Sangam period, they engaged in two types of domestic life. They are Kalavu (secret love) and Kaṟpu (chaste married life). In this way of life, the relationship between the hero (Talaivan) and the heroine (Talaivi), as well as the nature of their bond remained concealed from people. Akam refers to the private joy shared between the hero and heroine who are united in mutual understanding. It is a joy that should not be revealed to others. Therefore, making a secret love (Kalavu) known to the public would be considered a disgrace (Ambalam/Ambal). When the hero and heroine are engaged in love in a manner that becomes known to the people, such open love is referred to as Alar in Sangam literature. Hence, this article aims to discuss the concepts of Ambal and Alar as found in the “Kurunthogai” and highlights their significance in the poetic tradition.
Keywords: Ambal, Alar, Kalavu, Karpu, Kurunthogai.
22. விளவங்கோடு வட்டார வழக்குச் சொற்களில் புணர்ச்சி விதிகள்
சு. சுஜிறிஷா / முனைவர் N. ஷீமாமோள்
Sandhi Rules of Colloquial Words in Vilavancode Locality
S. Sujirisha / Dr. N. Seema Mole
Abstract
Our Tamil language obtained grammar five hundred years ago. It is a language that has grammar for things that are not visible to the eye and are thought of by the mind. This language has remained unchanged from region to region. Tamil language has distinctive words pronunciation and grammatical features that are used only within a particular region. Punarchi refers to the sound and letter changes that occur when two words are combined such as Ambidum + Cheri = Ambidumcheri and Thingal + Atksha = Thingalatksh. Punarchi comes under four section, they are uyir + uyir, mei + mei, mei + uyir, yuir + mei. Mei + mei system has three types of punarchiga. Uyir = mei has four types of punarchigal. So among all the types of punarchigal uyir + uyir system has more types of words and mei + uyir has fewer types of words. Hence, this article traces the santhi rules of colloquial words in vilavancode locality.
Keywords: Tamil Language, Regional Dialect, Sandhi Rules, Colloquial Words, Vilavancode Locality.
23. இலக்கியத்தின் வழியில் மக்களால் ஏற்படும் மாசுபாடு
இ. செண்பகபிரியா / முனைவர் வே. இராமமூர்த்தி
Pollution Caused by People as Portrayed in Literature
E. Shenbagapriya / Dr. V. Ramamoorthy
Abstract
The concept of environmental pollution has been recognised since ancient times as the unintended consequences of human activities in their pursuit of progress. Pollution refers to the harmful alterations caused by human actions in their quest for survival and development. Under the name of civilisation, many human activities that disrupt natural balance are deemed polluting. In the name of advancement, mankind has often exploited and destroyed nature, elevating living standards at the cost of ecological degradation. For them, now it is a situation to seek remedies for the resulting suffering created by pollution. Modern pollution is far more systematic and widespread. It has been driven by industrialisation, urbanisation and technological expansion. The very resources that sustain life such as clean air, freshwater and fertile soil are now contaminated due to unchecked human intervention. When societies evolved, their dependence on nature intensified. It leads to unsustainable practices that contaminated air, water and land. Whether through deforestation, excessive hunting or early forms of industrial activity, ancient communities inadvertently initiated ecological harm. Therefore, the article explores how pollution, once a byproduct of survival, has now become a critical threat to global ecosystems. It needs necessary corrective measures. This article also examines how pollution arises from the efforts of humanity to enhance livelihoods by exploiting natural resources and the way it destabilise the environment.
Keywords: Pollution, People, Tamil Culture, Tamil Literature.
24. தமிழன்பன் கவிதைகளில் சமுதாயம்
இரா. சௌந்தர்யா / முனைவர் ச. கொடியரசு
Society in the Poetry of Thamilanban
R. Soundharya / Dr. S. Kodiyarasu
Abstract
From the past to the present day, Tamil poets have contributed to the social progress by writing poems. Contemporary Tamil poetry engages with the social issues such as women’s suffering, the transformative power of education, political corruption and collective human tragedies. They elevate these themes as central code of the poems. Poetry is a social medium that seeks the right voice for these struggles. In Tamil Nadu Tamilanban is one of the distinctive voices who exemplified social consciousness and reformation. Tamilanban’s poetry stands out for its keen criticism on the inequities and its firm commitment to social justice. His works depict the suffering of the people and interrogates its structural roots, such as gender oppression, educational deprivation and political problems. By talking such issues in his poetry, he connects the gap between art and activism. The poet’s ability to solve complex social dilemmas ensures his voice with the large audience. This article examines how Tamilanban’s poetry as a means for social change. His verses serves as a mirror of life and points out the social flaws. It works as a medium for disseminating critical thought among the Tamil literary audience. His poems reaffirm the enduring capacity of Tamil to inspire social reflection and reform. Hence, the article studies on Tamilanban’s poetry that highlights the social situation and transformation.
Keywords: Tamilanban, Poetry, Tamil Society, Social Setting, Reformation.
25. அப்பர் தேவாரத்தில் தலைவி கூற்று
து. திவ்யா / முனைவர் இரா. மணிமேகலை
Thalaivi Kootru in Appar Thevara Hymns
D. Divya / Dr. R. Manimegalai
Abstract
Our classical Tamil language is ancient and glorious. It has a vast literary scope within itself. Tamil has been a devotional language for many centuries. Devotional literature in Tamil helps to mature the human mind. The ancient Tamils praised love and bravery as two eyes. They called love life Agam and formulated the morality (Thinai) related to it as Agathinai. Literature does not name the inner beings but refers to them in general terms such as Thalaivan, Thalaivi, Thozhi, Sevili, Nattrai. Language, race and religion are the factors that drive the society. Although the structure of society is economically strong and prosperous, language and religion are the factors that make people easily reachable. Of these, religion builds a society based on emotions. A linguistic society is built in a state of both knowledge and feeling. Tamil Nadu that was corrupted by the arrival of its neighboring ethnic groups was benefited only during the period of Bhakti literature. The main reason for this was Saiva religion. The reason Tamil language is in high esteem is because of the four stalwarts (Samayakuravars) of Saiva religion. Thus, the purpose of this article is to examine the statements of beloved (Thalaivi) expressed in the hymns of the Appar’s Thevaram.
Keywords: Appar, Thevaram, Thalaivi Kootru, Agathinai.
26. மூன்றாம் உலகப்போர் புதினம் காட்டும் சுற்றுச்சூழல் மாசுபாட்டில் பன்னாட்டு அரசியல்
க. நவநீதக்கண்ணன் / முனைவர் சி. காந்தி
International Politics in Environmental Pollution in the Novel Moondram Ulagap Por
G. Navaneethakannan / Dr. S. Gandhi
Abstract
Vairamuthu is a renowned poet, writer and versatile thinker who has been creating poetic works as a social reformer. Through his writings, he advocates rationalism and logical ideology to bring social change. He has been prolific in various forms of writing, including poetry, short stories, novels, and essays. One of his notable works is the novel "Moondram Ulagap Por" (Third World War) written in 2012. The novel explores the possibility of a third world war and its potential consequences. Vairamuthu highlights the need for international cooperation to prevent such a catastrophe and suggests measures that can be taken to avoid it. Vairamuthu have focused on themes such as love, the lives of marginalized people and the grandeur of royal histories in his novel. He has explored the importance of the environment in human life. He highlights how human activities are polluting the environment and affecting the fertility of the soil. He points out that it would have a devastating impact on future generations. The novel also touches on the role of international politics in environmental degradation and warns that if current trends continue, the planet may become barren and dilapidated. Vairamuthu's work serves as a warning bell and a call to action. It urges the readers to take steps to protect the environment and ensure a sustainable future. Se, this article aims to study the themes and ideas presented in Vairamuthu's novel "Moondram Ulagap Por" and will do an analysis in relation to environmental protection and international politics.
Keywords: Tamil Literature, International Politics, Environmental Pollution, Novel, Moondram Ulagap Por.
27. திருமங்கலம் வட்டார நாட்டுப்புற பெண்களிடம் நிகழும் வளமைச்சடங்கு
முனைவர் கி. நாகேந்திரன்
Fertility Ritual Performed by the Folk Women of the Thirumangalam Region
Dr. K. Nagendran
Abstract
Agriculture has been the moral strength of Tamil civilization since the Sangam period and with its continuity its remarkable flexibility crosses two millennia. The practice of fertility rituals in agrarian communities of Tamil Nadu reveals a sophisticated understanding of ecological balance, where ceremonial observances were not mere superstitions but carefully developed systems to regulate planting cycles and ensure soil quality. Tolkappiyam and Kalinthogai document how these rituals evolved from early traditions to settled farming. As agricultural societies developed, distinct gender roles emerged and men were primarily engaged in ploughing and irrigation while women specialized in seed selection, crop protection rituals and harvest ceremonies. This paper studies about specific women-centric traditions like the Thirumangalam region fertility rites which is combined to the practical agricultural knowledge with spiritual practices to combat environmental challenges. The enduring presence of these rituals in contemporary rural Tamil Nadu and among women farmers shows an unbroken lineage of ecological wisdom where devotional practices serve as both spiritual expression and sustainable farming methodologies. Modern agricultural systems recognize how these traditional systems encoded vital knowledge about crop rotation, natural pest control and water conservation to primitive rituals such as fertility rites. It is actually represents an advanced form of environmental care through centuries of careful observation and adaptation to local ecosystems. Hence, the aim of the paper is to investigate the role of folk women and fertility ritual in Thirumangalam region.
Keywords: Folklore, Thirumangalam, Folk women, Fertility Ritual.
28. எஸ். ராமகிருஷ்ணனின் சஞ்சாரம் நாவல் காட்டும் நாதஸ்வரக் கலைஞர்களின் பண்பாடு
பா. நாகேஸ்வரி / முனைவர் இரா. பூங்கோதை
Culture of Nathaswaram Artists in the Novel Sancharam by S. Ramakrishnan
P. Nageswari / Dr. R. Poongothai
Abstract
Literature explains human life. From the Sangam literature to the current modern Tamil literature, human lives have been highlighted. Moreover, the literature of this present period exemplifies the experiences of human life. The novel “Sancharam” was written by the renowned Tamil author S. Ramakrishnan. S. Ramakrishnan portrays the life of Nathaswara artists in the novel in a deep introspection. He tells the story of the pathetic Nathaswara artists and their struggle for life in a society full of caste based oppression. This novel has received the Sahitya Akademi award in the year 2018. Music wins the bread of the day for the Nathaswara artists. It blends them mentally aesthetic and expresses their feelings through music. They make the listeners enjoy and to tends them to realize their life by heart. However, it is doubtful whether such Nathaswara artists achieve full enjoyment in their lives. The Nathaswara artists depicted in the novel “Sancharam” are oppressed by the caste system and has been humiliated on many levels. They are not fully paid for the concert that they have done. Even they cannot talk about it. In fact, the income that the Nathaswara artists earn is not enough to support their families. Some artists are known for their musical talent but economically they are very weak. Therefore, this novel portrays the progress of the life of Nathaswara artists. This paper highlights the cultural status of Nathaswara artists in the Tamil society.
Keywords: Nathaswaram, Players, Life, Sancharam, Caste Oppression.
29. கருப்பொருள் நோக்கில் மருதத்திணைப் பாடல்கள்
சே. நிர்மலா / முனைவர் அ. மரிய செபஸ்தியான்
Thematic Aspects of Marutha Thinai Songs
S. Nirmala / Dr. A. Maria Sebestian
Abstract
The oldest grammar book in the world is the Tolkappiyam. This book is a treasure of Tamil life a social culture. Classical literature is the clearest example for portraying the traditional morals of ancient Tamils. To identify the antiquity of Tamil society, the ancient life depicted in the Sangam literature serves as the historical root of the Tamils. Ancient lifestyle, culture, civilisation, hospitality and other social and cultural elements of the Tamils are reflected in the Sangam literature. Sangam literature is divided into two parts; one is internal (Agam) and external (Puram). The concept of subjectivity is a tool that helps to organise the oral information of the ethnic group and society. According to Tolkappiyar, the formation of the theory classifies the records of nature in the ethnic group or society. According to the theory of the Tolkappiyar, the songs of the Marutham Songs have three elements; the first, the second and the third are combined to convey romantic moods centred on the love at the heart of the relationship between the hero (Thalaivan) and the heroine (Thalaivi). Natural elements such as the green fields, irrigation and the Vaikarai (Dawn) are the primary subjects. The love of the heroine for the hero, the peace efforts of the friend are the secondary subject and Indra, Marutha tree, Kalani and Palanam are the themes. Thus, the Marutha songs provide excellent literary scenes that integrate the natural life of the ancient Tamils and their love ethics and social norms. The elements of the Marutha songs in Sangam literature are deeply examined with the economic, social and cultural basis as said in Tolkappiyam. The civilisation and agricultural life of the people of Marutha land are reflected in the three themes: first, field, Vaikarai; Karu (worship of Indra, birds, flowers, trees, animals, towns, food, and industry) and Uri (events of marriage). The cultivation activities such as types of rice, water resources such as rivers and ponds, birds like storks, kurugus, and andrils, flowers like lotuses and lilies, trees like Marutham and Kanjimaram and animals like Buffaloes and Otters are mentioned as themes in the Sangam songs. The Marutham songs are cultural documents that reveal the details of the nature-based life of the ancient Tamils. In particular, the theme of the life of the people of Marutham Thinai is based on passion and is intended to restore social environment, economic basis and life practices. The article explains thematic aspects as the basis of Tamil culture and civilisation in the Marutham Thinai songs.
Keywords: Thinaikkotpatu, Marutam, Mutarporul, Karupporul, Uripporul.
30. மருதத்திணை மக்களின் மொழியும் வாழ்வும்
க. நிஷா / முனைவர் இரா. சுப்ரமணி
The Language and Life of the Marutha Thinai People
K. Nisha / Dr. R. Subramani
Abstract
Language is a communication tool. It is endowed with the ability to acquire and use complex communication systems. This is especially true for human beings. These are particularly representative of human power. Language production is a displacement process, and they are related to the traditions, learning, culture, rituals, beliefs, and art of a society. Perhaps a common language emerged from the wonder and imagination of seeing something that did not exist before. Language is a tool for communicating ideas also. The thought of a man who awakened the sense of awakening within himself and then made his people aware of it through his hand movements may have been the reason for the emergence of language. Language is intertwined with the lifestyles of the people who speak it. It is no exaggeration to say that the beginning of urban civilisation was the Marutha Thinai People of the Sangam period. This study aims to investigate the language and life of the Marutha Thinai People through their festivals, beliefs, rituals, culture and customs.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Marutha Thinai, Language, Culture, Customs.
31. பட்டுக்கோட்டை பிரபாகர் படைப்புகளில் பண்பாட்டுத் தொடர்ச்சியும் படைப்பாளுமையும்
எஸ். பரமேஸ்வரி / முனைவர் இரா. மஞ்சுளா
Cultural Continuity and Creativity in the Works of Pattukottai Prabhakar
S. Parameshwary / Dr. R. Manjula
Abstract
Language is constantly evolving and the literature that has emerged in any language is of great assistance in understanding it. The cultural continuity of a country can be seen through the current events of the society. A literary work never fails to record such contemporary events. It is by the portrayal of social and cultural elements that a novel becomes beneficial to society. These records also serve as historical cum literary data for future generations. Tamil writers demonstrate social changes through their works. They also incorporate their personal experiences into the story. Tamil Literature serves as a repository of cultural traces and helps advance historical understanding. Many modern literary works have also explored this theme. Pattukottai Prabhakar is one of the famous Tamil writers who register the cultural identities of the Tamil people in his works. He has addressed this trend in his novels in a peculiar manner. Hence, this article examines the cultural traces and creativity found in the works of Pattukottai Prabhakar.
Keywords: Culture, Novels, Pattukottai Prabhakar, Modern Literature, Cultural Elements.
32. கலித்தொகையில் எழுதிணைகள்
திருமதி. நா. பகுஷியா பேகம் / முனைவர் தி. ஆனந்தவள்ளி
Seven Thinais in Kalithokai
Mrs. N. Bhagushia Begum / Dr. T. Ananthavalli
Abstract
In Tamil literature, there are various literary genres. Among them, the earliest literature is the Sangam literature. Tholkappiyar mentions that the appropriate poetic forms for singing about love themes in the Sangam literature are Kalippa and Paripadal. The book "Kalithokai" is renowned for its rhythmic composition and lyrical beauty. "Kalithokai" stands out among Sangam literature works as a complete book in terms of its love themes that align with the poetic truths and norms of the Tamil grammar text "Tholkappiam." In the Sangam collection, "Kalithokai" serves as the foundation for organising the themes in correct order. The theory of love themes related to the Tamil land can also be considered a Tamil literary theory. There is no detailed information about the themes of love as extensively found in "Kalithokai." "Kalithokai" explores love themes and can also be referred to as a collection of love stories. Tholkappiyar identifies seven land-based themes in his work. By discussing and explaining the Thinais, such as Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal, Paalai, Kaikkilai, and Perunthinai from "Kalithokai," one can gain a clear understanding of the themes. Hence, this paper investigates the register of seven thinais in "Kalithokai.".
Keywords: Seven Thinais, Kalithokai, Tholkappiar, Love Themes, Sangam Literature.
33. சங்க கால தலைவன் மற்றும் பாங்கன் உணர்வுகளும் உரையாடல்களும்
கா. பிரியங்கா / முனைவர் நா. சிவகுரு
Feelings and Conversations of the Leader and his Friend in Sangam Period
K. Priyanka / Dr. N. Sivaguru
Abstract
Sangam Literature explains the life of the ancient Tamil people. People’s thoughts, feelings, and imaginations are conveyed to the readers through the Sangam characters. They are the basis of the literary songs. Among them, the leader (Thalaivan) and the friend are the main characters. The leader or the hero is an essential one in the Sangam poems, and the friend provides moral support. From Sangam literature to contemporary literature, this tradition continues to this day. Many studies have explained the ‘Thalaivi’ (beloved) and ‘Thozhi’ (Female friend) relationship. In Sangam life, thozhi is an important person who changed the life of Thalaivi from unmarried (Kalavu) to married (Karpu) life. Through Sangam songs, we know that the Thozhi thinks and uses her knowledge as a medium for her Thalaivi’s life. Thozhi’s eloquence makes everyone follow her lead. She is also friendly with ‘Thalaivan (Leader). She observed him closely and encouraged him with good advice. A good friend praises the good and criticises the bad. This can be seen in the Thalaivi–Thozhi relationship. But one cannot see the relationship between the Thalaivan (leader) and Paangan (Male friend). So, this article talks about the relationship between Thalaivan – Paangan and their qualities. It also investigates the reason for Thalaivan’s talking to himself (Nenjodu Kilathal-Soliloqy) in Sangam Literature.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Leader, Friend, Feelings, Conversations.
34. திணையியல் நோக்கில் குறுந்தொகைப் பாடல்கள்
ல. பிரியதர்ஷினி / முனைவர் ஜா. இராஜா
Kurunthogai Songs in the Perspective of Thinai
L. Priyatharshini / Dr. J. Raja
Abstract
The Sangam classics stand unparalleled in its portrayal of the Tamil people's Akam (inner life) and Puram (outer life) lives. While Puram literature extols virtues like valour, generosity, and glory, Akam Literature captures the intimate emotions and ethical nuances of human relationships that possess an enduring, timeless brilliance. “Kurunthogai” holds a distinct place by offering profound insights into ancient Tamil life. Sangam literature serves as a historical archive and reveals the cultural and social life of early Tamils. The Akam tradition is classified into five Thinais (Landscapes) namely Kurinji (hills), Mullai (forests), Marutham (agricultural lands), Neithal (coasts), and Palai (wastelands). Each reflects the lifestyle and ethos of people lived in these terrains. Out of the eight anthologies in Sangam literature, five namely Nattrinai, Kurunthogai, Agananooru, Ainkurunooru, and Kalithogai are dedicated to Akam. Kurunthogai is being particularly remarkable. So, this study explores how Kurunthogai’s verses depict thinai-based living, social values, nature worship, the heroine’s virtues and traditions like hospitality. The poems illustrate a harmonious existence with nature, where love, duty and spirituality intertwine seamlessly. Through its vivid imagery and emotional depth, “Kurunthogai” preserves Tamil heritage and offers universal lessons on human connection and sustainable living. Thus, the Sangam literature “Kurunthogai” remains a witness to the refined civilisation of the Tamils.
Keywords: Kurunthogai, Thinai, Panbadu, Samugam, Culture, Agriculture, Sangam.
35. தமிழ் இலக்கியங்களில் பால்புதுமையர்
பி. மாணிக்கவாசகம் / முனைவர் இரா. சுப்ரமணி
Transgender in Tamil Literature
P. Manikkavasaham / Dr. R. Subramani
Abstract
Literature mirrors human existence and has documented transgender lives from the Sangam period onwards. Early researches show transgender individuals held specific roles in ancient Tamil society. Contemporary realities starkly contrast this dignified past through systemic discrimination and social exclusion. Economic deprivation remains a persistent challenge for most transgender individuals in Tamil society. Derogatory terms like 'ali' and 'pettai' perpetuate daily humiliations against transgender people. Tamil literary history demonstrates refined understanding of gender diversity centuries ago. Modern society fails to uphold these progressive traditional values. Transgender people possess the same emotional depth and intellectual capacity as others. Ancient Tamil texts assigned transgender individuals important ritual and artistic functions. Educational institutions often reinforce harmful stereotypes about transgender identities. Employment discrimination excludes transgender people from economic participation. Family rejection remains a traumatic reality for many transgender individuals. The gap between literary ideals and social practice continues to widen dangerously on these issues. Academic research should bridge historical knowledge with contemporary activism on gender diversity. Social transformation must begin with acknowledging historical truths about transgender inclusion into all walks of life. Hence, the article portrays the ways to restore the dignity promised in ancient texts but denied in modern practice over transgenders.
Keywords: Gender Discrimination, Transgender, Tamil Literature, Tamil Culture, Respect.
36. தருமபுரி மாவட்ட இருளர் பழங்குடியின மக்களின் காட்டுக்கோவில் முனியப்பன் வழிபாடு
சி. முடியழகி / முனைவர் சு. வேலாயுதன்
Worship of Kattukkovil Muniyappan of the Irular Tribes of Dharmapuri District
C. Mudiyazhagi / Dr. S. Velayuthan
Abstract
There are nearly fourteen thousand people of the Irular tribes live in Dharmapuri district. The people of this tribe belong to mountainous areas and collect their daily needs from nature. In the early days, man lived in harmony with nature and worshipped that nature. Then, they gave shape to that nature and worshipped it. The main occupation of the Irular tribe is collecting tubers, honey and herbal medicines. Irular women have to migrate to other places due to marriage and men due to work. Even though they go somewhere, when the temple festival is held, everyone comes together and worships the clan deity. At that time, they sacrifice animals like goats, roosters and pigs. They use a kind of Katarisi (Moonkilarisi) found in the forest to offer offerings to the God. They worship the family deity Kattukkovil Muniyappan with these items. Although the worship of the family deity is a very ancient form of worship, the rituals and worship have changed according to the needs of the times. The worship of the minor deities was done due to the fear of the people and to protect themselves from deadly diseases and natural disasters. Even if there is an auspicious event in the family or if there is illness, the custom of wrapping one rupee in a yellow cloth in the name of the family deity is still practiced today by them. When the temple festival day comes, they put it in the Undial. The people of the Irular tribe perform special pujas in their ancestral temples to cure the person who is bound by evil spirits such as witchcraft and they practice many other rituals to get rid of the diseases. They worship the weapons and objects left by their ancestors for ages in the ancestral worship. This article investigates the worshipping methods of the Irular people.
Keywords: Worship, Kattukkovil Muniyappan, Irular Tribes, Dharmapuri District.
37. புறநானூற்றுப் பாடல்களால் அறிய வரும் வாழ்க்கைத் தத்துவங்கள்
சி. முனியாண்டி / முனைவர் சா. சுதா
Life Ethics as Seen in the Poems of Purananooru
C. Muniyandi / Dr. S. Sudha
Abstract
In classical Tamil literature, the poems that deal with themes of love and personal conduct are categorised as Akam (interior) poems. At the same time, those that portray valour, generosity, governance and other civic virtues are referred to as Puram (exterior) poems. The ancient Tamils distinguished their identity between these two poetic traditions with clarity and precision. The “Purananuru” is an anthology comprising a wide range of Puram compositions written by various poets. This anthology features numerous verses that celebrate the lives and deeds of the Moovendhars (the three crowned Tamil kings), Kurinji chieftains, noble Velir lords, legendary patrons and esteemed poets. There are references to ancient Tamil towns, port cities, villages and urban places which provide valuable insights into the socio-political and cultural landscape of early Tamilakam. Therefore, Tamil scholars regard “Purananooru” as a historical archive of ancient Tamil civilisation. Puram poems reflect the ethical and philosophical reflections of the poets. These poems also express profound truths about life, authority, mortality and honour. It makes “Purananooru” an indispensable resource of Tamil ethical thought. Tamil scholars consider this work a treasure of practical wisdom and existential values. It offers a glimpse of the ancient Tamil people. This article analyses the life ethics as registered in “Purananooru.”
Keywords: Ancient Tamilagam, Life Ethics, Poems, Purananooru.
38. சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் அரசபெண்பாற்புலவர் பாடல்களின் உளவியல்
அ. ரஞ்சிதா / முனைவர் ப. கிருஷ்ணன்
Psychology of the Songs of the Royal Family Women Poets in Sangam Literature
A. Ranjitha / Dr. P. Krishnan
Abstract
Sangam literature stands as a resonant proclamation to the world of the thoughtful depth and antiquity of the Tamil language and culture. It is celebrated for its aesthetic excellence and its portrayal of human emotion and psychological insight. Sangam poetry offers a prolific view for multidimensional research. The poets of the Sangam era employed literary strategies that reveal the complex workings of the human psyche, affirming that literature is not only a creative expression but also a manifestation of emotional consciousness. This study argues that the Sangam literature has contributions from royal women poets such as Aathimanthiyar, Devi Perunkoppendu and the women of Pari's court. These royal women poets employed psychological principles long before the formal evolution of psychology as a discipline. Although psychology gained prominence in the West from the 18th century onwards, Sangam texts, which date from 500 BCE to 100 CE, demonstrate the early conceptualisation of psychological and emotional life. Tamil royal women during the Sangam age articulate psychological depth in their poems. This study evaluates Sangam literature within a psychological perspective to explore its underlying cognitive and emotional dimensions. Thus, the paper contends that Tamil literature is far ahead of its time and has incorporated psychological introspection as a core literary element in the Sangam Literature itself.
Keywords: Psychology, Royal Women, Poets, Sangam Literature.
39. பெரும் புரவலர் ஆண்டிப்பட்டி ஜமீன் ஸ்ரீமான் பெத்தாச்சி செட்டியார்
முனைவர் பொ. ராஜா
The Great Patron of Andipatti Zamin Sriman Petthachi Chettiar
Dr. P. Raja
Abstract
One can see the traditions of poets that emerged in the Tamil community and the literary traditions created by the ancient tradition. However, the tradition of the patrons, which was instrumental in the creation of these two traditions has been never discussed. This tradition continues from ancient Tamil literature to the modern literary tradition. There is no meaning and scholarship if the patrons did not try to show themselves as related to acknowledge themselves with the scholarship of the poets. The poet benefits from the patron and the patron benefits from the poet. This can be called an unspoken agreement between them. One can see the emergence of a separate literary genre in Tamil literature called the Atrupadai books. In general, the patron also occupies a place equal to the poet in the publication of a work. Therefore, there is no mistake in considering that the patron is also important. Nevertheless, the records about the patrons are found only through songs and have not been conducted as a separate study in Tamil. Mostly, the references about these patrons are only in the acknowledgements of the book. It can be seen from the editions of U.Ve.Sa., Ci.Vai.Tha. S. Vaiyapuripillai until today. One of those who came from the great patron tradition is Andipatti Zamin Petthachi Chettiar. There are limited studies on this patron tradition and it should be carried out in the academic fields. Petthachi Chettiar should be acknowledged to all. Only there are limited information about him. This article decodes the life and legacy of the great patron of poets and artists, the most respected Andipatti Zamin Petthachi Chettiar.
Keywords: Great Patron, Andipatti Zamin, Sriman Pettachi Chettiar.
40. குறுந்தொகை மருதத்திணையில் ஊடல் (புலவி) நுணுக்கம்
முனைவர் ஆ. இராஜாத்தி
Feigned Anger in Marutha Thinai Songs of Kurunthogai
Dr. A. Rajathi
Abstract
The sangam age society comprise of love and valour. It is differentiated as Agam and Puram. The love life comprise of kalavu and karpu kadal. The literature defines kalavu is a life before marriage and karpu is a life after marriage. According to sangam age people, kalavu directs towards karpu. It is believed that if kalavu does not end in karpu it can’t be kalavu. Oodal is a stage than happens in karpu life. This article analyses Marutha Thinai songs of Kurunthogai. Marutham Thinai refers to the paddy fields and neighboring lands. After the hero and heroine get married, the hero leaves the home to live with courtesans (parathai). Hence, the Marutham Thinai poems talk about the hero’s (Thalaivan) infidelity and the heroine’s (Thalaivi) sorrow and resentment. The subject of the poems is called the uripporul. As the hero after marriage goes to parathai (love affair), the heroine drowns in sorrow because of hero’s behaviour. While the hero comes back to the heroine she doesn’t accepts him immediately. The reasons for the feigned anger (anger of heroine) that has been researched in this article. The article deciphers the main areas such as the hero’s reduced love on heroine, his disloyalty to his wife, his false promises and his disrespect towards the heroine and the gossip of the people about the hero.
Keywords: Feigned Anger, Marutha Thinai, Songs, Kurunthogai.
41. எஸ்.ராமகிருஷ்ணனின் பயணக்கட்டுரையில் வாழ்வியல் நெறிகள்
தி. ரேணுகா தேவி / முனைவர் இரா. பிரபாகர் வேதமாணிக்கம்
Life Principles in the Travelogues of S. Ramakrishnan
T. Renuga Devi / Dr. R. Prabahar Vedamanickam
Abstract
A nation's culture and history are revealed through its literature, inscriptions, archaeological excavations and foreign accounts. While literary forms evolve with changing times, modern literature that embraces tradition while friendly innovation includes the emerging genre of travel writing. Though technology allows virtual exploration of foreign lands, it cannot replicate the lived experience of actual travel. It is an enduring human pursuit. Ancient Tamil Aatruppadai texts (guide-poems) served as early precursors to travel literature. It demonstrates how journeys have transformed across historical periods while remaining deeply personal quests shaped by individual curiosity. This paper examines Japanese cultural elements as portrayed in S. Ramakrishnan's travel essay Nilam Kettadhu Kadal Sondhadhu (What the Land Asked, the Sea Answered). It also analyze how contemporary Tamil travel writing documents cross-cultural encounters. The paper exemplifies how modern travel narratives preserve the Aatruppadai tradition's essence and recording as geographical routes and sociological and philosophical dimensions of human movement. S. Ramakrishnan's observations on Japanese lifestyles from workplace ethics to spiritual practices demonstrate travel literature's unique capacity to bridge civilizations while maintaining distinct cultural perspectives. Nevertheless, this article traces the glimpses of life ethics as seen in the travalogues of S. Ramakrishnan.
Keywords: Life Principles, Travelogues, S. Ramakrishnan.
42. புறநானூற்றில் மன்னர்களின் போர்ச்சிறப்பு
மா. ரேவதி / முனைவர் மா. கோபி
The War Glory of the Kings of Purananooru
M. Revathi / Dr. M. Gobi
Abstract
Purananooru is considered the most important of Sangam work. This book highlights the life of the brave men of that time. The life of the ancient people represents as a model to the present day men. It is the main reason that many foreign scholars are attracted to Tamil language. The sangam kings were valiant, followed the rules of war, fought with their enemies, and established victory. Poets have sung praises about the valor, fame and strength of the Moovendar kings. When you hear the word war, the first thought that comes to our mind is destruction. To that, extent now and then does most of the damage and brings happiness to a few and sadness misery to many people. Thus, war has threatened the people of the period. At that time when the word war was mentioned, it was mostly about Moovendhars of Tamilnadu, The kings considered that the best form of fight is a moral way and die with the mortal wound. War is a biological necessity in human life at Sangam times. It is said to be an essential onr for regulating human life. In this way, this article has the objective to study the war glories of the Kings of Purananooru.
Keywords: War Glory, Tamil Kings, Valour, Purananooru.
43. காடு வளர்ப்பு குறித்த நிலையான வளர்ச்சி இலக்குகளும் தமிழ் பண்பாட்டின் கோவில் காடுகளும்
கே. வருசக்கனி / முனைவர் டி. தருமராஜ்
Sustainable Development Goals on Forestry and Temple Forests of Tamil Culture
K. Varusakkani / Dr. T. Dharmaraj
Abstract
Today, numerous global afforestation projects are in progress. The United Nations has allocated substantial funds through various conferences to expand forested areas. Deforestation remains a significant contributor to global warming, rising sea levels, and other climate-related issues. As a result, afforestation is deemed crucial in the current context. To achieve this, various programs and policies are being put into action. Afforestation is also the 15th target of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and all nations are striving to implement this initiative in diverse ways. This afforestation project has been successfully implemented by the Tamil society through its cultural activities for a long time in the name of ‘Kovilkaadu’ known as Sacred Groves, Temple Forest centered on Deity. In India, there has been a tradition of worshiping deities. Due to faith in these deities, people everywhere have come to revere and worship rocks, trees, weapons like swords and bows, and even animals. These practices have mostly originated from forested regions. The animals and birds that inhabit the sacred groves have come here without being harmed and the wild animals play without being disturbed. The elders of each village have passed down stories, myths about the unique way each temple forest is formed. They instill fear and faith among the people and ensure their protection. If these forests are converted for any other purpose, the indigenous people who protect them will believe that the deities themselves will punish them, not just through legal action or penalties, but also by destroying the deities. There are many thoughts on the growth of forests in Tamil Sangam literature. This article discusses the importance of forests in the context of current Sustainable Development Goals and the structure of temple forests of Kovilkadu in Madurai district.
Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals, Afforestation, Temple Forests, Tamil Culture.
44. வைணவத் தத்துவங்கள் புலப்படுத்தும் பக்தி நெறிகள்
ம. வெங்கடலட்சுமி / முனைவர் ச. குருஞானாம்பிகா
Devotional Principles revealed by Vaishnava Philosophies
M. Venkatalakshmi / Dr. S. Gurugnanambiga
Abstract
The Vaishnava philosophy have outlined the paths through which individuals can discipline themselves to attain the divine. These principles are categorised into two main divisions. They are Bhakti (devotion) and Prapatti (surrender). It encompasses five distinct paths. These include Karma Yoga (the path of selfless action), Jnana Yoga (the path of knowledge), Bhakti Yoga (the path of devotion), Prapatti Yoga (the path of surrender), and Acharya Abhimana (reverence for the spiritual teacher). They are designed to guide the soul towards complete submission to the divine. The Vaishnava doctrines elaborate that Karma Yoga, when matured, evolves into Jnana Yoga, and Jnana Yoga, in turn, culminates in Bhakti Yoga. These paths ultimately lead the seeker to Saranagati (total surrender), the final stage of spiritual realisation. Vaishnava literature, through its hymns and devotional verses, imparts these very teachings to humanity, emphasising the profound connection between the soul and the divine. The objective of this research article is to explore the philosophical tenets of Vaishnavism and their in-depth interpretations as conveyed through the sacred compositions of Vaishnava saints. Their pasurams (devotional hymns) and songs serve as a medium to unravel the essence of Vaishnava thought, offering insights into its spiritual and theological depths. By examining these literary works, the study aims to illuminate the transformative journey of the soul towards divine union, as prescribed by Vaishnava tradition. In essence, Vaishnava philosophy delineates the pathways to spiritual liberation and eternal communion with the divine.
Keywords: Devotion, Principles, Revealation, Vaishnava Philosophy.
45. திரை மொழியில் சிறைபுனைகதையினை உணர்த்தும் பாடல்களில் சமூகம்
டே. ஜினி / முனைவர் ஜெ. பிறீடா மேபல்ராணி
Society in the Songs Portraying Prison Fiction in Cinema
D. Jini / Dr. J. Freeda Mabel Rani
Abstract
The creation and the creator are shaped by the specific social situation and context they emerge from. This is because creation, creator and society are closely interconnected. The messages conveyed in literature and their nature are directly related to the causes and effects of the particular social structure. When we understand these connections properly, the message in the literature also becomes clear to anyone who comes across it. In today's fiction, One can observe for the portrayals of the struggles faced by unmarried older women and marital breakdowns that arise due to the pressures created by capitalist economies. For example, in Anuradha Ramanan's short story “Siraigal” the wife is abandoned by her husband because she is sexually assaulted by a man named Anthony Sami. This story was adapted into a film by director R. C. Sakthi. The songs in this film were written by poets Pulamipithan, Muthulingam, and Piraisoodan. Although each poet's thinking and style are unique, they write their lyrics to suit the narrative told by the director. Many of these songs carry deep social messages. This research paper aims to reveal the social ideologies and narrative elements embedded in these songs.
Keywords: Cinematic Language, Fiction, Prison, Society, Songs.
46. சிலப்பதிகாரத்தில் தொழில்கள்
பெ. ஜோதி / முனைவர் க. புவனேஸ்வரி
Business in Silappathikaram
P. Jothi / Dr. K. Bhuvaneswari
Abstract
Material is necessary to obtain basic food for survival and to achieve a state of civilized development. Man started business with his hard work to earn that material wealth. Among the businesses that have been started since ancient times, the people of the “Silappathikaram” period used to plow the land on an auspicious day in the month of Chithirai. According to the custom of the ancestors, they used to plow the land and cultivate it. The farmers used to plough the land during the Vaikarai period and did the Marutham Land. Thus, the importance of plowing has been emphasized on the basis of teaching future generations to protect the plowing. The people of the Silappathikara period were skilled in weaving. It is also seen about the elegance of architecture where artistic buildings such as seven-storey mansion, the multi-storied mansions and the fort gates were built during the Silappathikara period. The people of the Silappathikara period excelled in iron industry also and built iron furnaces and designing iron tools. It is known that iron is one of the metal ores used for various types of tools and it was available in ancient times itself in Tamil Nadu. Hence, this research article investigates on the people who lived in the Cauvery river basin who excelled in business by undertaking sea voyages, engaging in trade with foreign countries, exporting resources to other countries and raising the economy of the country. It would astonish anyone who sees the business tactics and wealth of the business class people who lived in the Cauvery river basin. Thus, the article highlights the state of business and wealth in the 2nd century AD.
Keywords: Business, Silappathikaram, Tamil Business, Wealth.
47. முத்துப்பேட்டை புனித காணிக்கை அன்னை ஆலயமும் சேதுபதி மன்னர்களும்
அ. ஜோசப் அனிதா / முனைவர் பா. சுரேக்ஷ்டேனியல்
Muthupettai Punitha Kannikkai Annai Church and Sethupathi Kings
A. Joseph Anitha / Dr. P. Suresh Daniel
Abstract
Antony Crmonoly was an Italian clergyman and Francis Xavier was a Portuguese clergyman. They visited India and established several small churches along the Tamil Nadu coast by year 1555 AD. Between 1532 and 1537 AD, a majority of the Parava fishing community converted themselves to Christianity. The Sarveeswarar Church was built in Periyapattinam, Ramanathapuram to serve these new converts. However, King Ramanathapura Sethupathi who was the ruler at the time demolished the church. In 1713, the ruling Sethupathi kings permitted the reconstruction of the church. In 1723, the Jesuit priest Francis Vice resumed missionary work at the Periyapattinam Church and served there until 1737. That year, the church was again demolished and the land was sold for 30 rupees. Later, King Vijayaragunatha Sethupathi donated land and two villages to the Sarveeswarar Church. It has been documented in inscriptions and copper plates. According to the Bathruwado, several priests served the church over time. Between the years 1737 and 1740, Father Manuel Pimel relocated the church to Muthupettai to avoid further destruction. A small church was built there and Tiruppali rituals were conducted. There are many nscriptions and copper plate records confirm the relocation of the Periyapattinam Church to Muthupettai. Hence, this article on the facts related to it.
Keywords: Muthupettai, Punitha Kannikkai Annai Church, Sethupathi Kings.
48. கலித்தொகை சுட்டும் பொருள் வாழ்வு
சு. ஸ்ரீநிதி / முனைவர் ச. குருஞானாம்பிகா
Economic Life Shown in Kalithogai
S. Shrinithi / Dr. S. Gurugnanambiga
Abstract
The people of the Sangam period were excellent in economic thought. They lived their lives to the fullest with the resources of the land they lived in. The livelihoods of the Sangam people are divided into five types. They are Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal and Palai. It is categorised according to the resources of the land. The people living in the respective lands lived in a self-reliant economic environment with the resources available in those lands. The people of the Sangam period greatly respected work. They earned wealth through hard labor. They emphasised that the wealth earned through labor is permanent. Moreover, they achieved economic supremacy by acquiring goods produced in other lands through the barter system. The ancient Tamil people earned wealth from the natural resources available to them and the resources they produced and cultivated. It is evident in the songs of the Sangam literature. “Kalithogai” is one of the Sangam classics that portrays the economy of the Sangam Tamil People. The people employed in the various natural resources of their respective Thinai lands. Moreover, they lived by earning a living as their main duty. Materialism was a basic need of the Sangam People. Thus, the aim of this article is to show the economic life of the people of the Sangam period through the work “Kalithogai”.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Thinai, Economy, Tamil Culture, Kalithogai.
49. இராவண காவியத்தில் அறம்
ஆ. ஹரிதாபேபி / முனைவர் ச. தனலெட்சுமி
Virtue in Ravana Kaviyam
A. Harithababy / Dr. S. Dhanalakshmi
Abstract
“Ravana Kavyam” is a modern Tamil epic written by Pulavar Kuzhandhai. He reinterprets the Ramayana by centring Ravana as a tragic hero symbolising Tamil cultural ideals of Aram (righteousness). Unlike the traditional narratives that vilify Ravana, “Ravana Kavyam” presents Ravana as a just ruler, warrior and protector of Tamil culture. This epic also aligns his actions with ancient Tamil morals such as justice (Neethi), ethical warfare (Porum Aram), hospitality (Virunthombal) and loyalty (Karpu) to challenge Aryans. Ravana’s kingship represents Aram through unbiased governance and defends his people against external domination. His war ethics are more ethical in contrast to Rama’s tactics. Ravana fights openly, but Rama’s killing of Vali from hiding violates Tamil martial honour. The epic also criticises Rama’s exile of Sita as hypocritical in contrast to Ravana’s Tamil hospitality norms over Sita. Furthermore, Ravana’s scholarly competence and devotion to Lord Shiva highlight his intellectual and spiritual nobility. Ravana’s boldness against Aryan hegemony is seen in “Ravana Kavyam” and reclaims Ravana as a symbol of Tamil identity. His defeat becomes tragic at the cost of keeping Aram against oppressive forces. The work redefines Aram through a Tamil way of virtue by celebrating Ravana’s legacy as a Tamil cultural icon with Tamil pride and sacrificial leadership. Hence, the study investigates the role of Aram “Ravana Kavyam.”
Keywords: Virtue, Hospitality, Charity, Ravana Kavyam, Pulavar Kuzhandhai.