Volume - 8, Issue - 2, January 2026
தொகுதி - 8, இதழ் - 2, சனவரி 2026
Articles 1 - 47
வாழ்த்துரை
தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியத்திற்காக எமது தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியப் பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் (IJTLLS) தம் இலக்கிய மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி அரும்பணியைச் செய்து வருகின்றது. இது எமது எட்டாம் தொகுதியின் இரண்டாம் இதழாகும். இவ்வகையான சிறந்த ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகளின் ஆய்வுத்தொகுப்பினை ஆய்வாளர்களுக்கு வழங்குவதில் ஆனந்தமடைகிறேன். ஆய்வாளர்களின் அனைத்து கட்டுரைகளையும் ஆய்வு நெறிமுறைகளின்படி தணிக்கைச் செய்து மதிப்புரை வழங்கி செம்மைப்படுத்தி தமிழ் மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியப் பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் (IJTLLS) இணையத்தில் பிரசுரம் செய்து உள்ளது. எதிர்காலத்தில் தமிழ் ஆராய்ச்சிகளை உலக அரங்கத்திற்கு எடுத்துச் செல்ல ஓர் ஆய்வுக்களமாக எமது இதழ் செயல்பட்டு வருகிறது. அதற்கு உறுதுணை அளித்த அனைவருக்கும்நன்றி.
- பதிப்பாசிரியர்
1. தொல்காப்பியம் வழிநின்று சங்ககால மகளிர் கட்டுப்பாடுகள் ஓர் ஆய்வு
ஜெ. அம்பேத்கர் / முனைவர் மு. சாதிக் பாட்சா
An Analysis of the Social Constraints of Sangam Era Women based on Tolkappiyam
J. Ambedhkar / Dr. M. Sadik Batcha
Abstract
The Sangam period is regarded as the golden era of Tamil civilization. It is characterized by literature, culture and social structure under the patronage of the Three Sangams. It spans over a history of more than 2,500 years. This research article is planned to examine the feminine gender oriented boundaries and social expectations that governed the lives of women during that period. Although, Sangam age is often celebrated for its poetic works and heroic ideals, women are very important in domestic and social life and endured complex restrictions. This study traces an in depth study and helps to understand how these constraints functioned within the ancient Tamil society. To derive the findings, the research takes up Tolkappiyam as its major theoretical framework. In particular, the Porulatikaram section has been utilized to decode the socio-cultural rules of the Sangam time. Moreover, the study takes up sources from the Sangam anthologies such as Ettuthokai (Eight Anthologies) and Pathuppattu (Ten Idyls) for justification of the hypothesis. These texts provide vivid examples regarding the marital conduct (Karpu), the public-private division (Aham and Puram) and the moral expectations placed upon women across different landscapes (Thinai) of Sangam Tamil Nadu. Hence, the article provides a thematic knowledge about the restrictions practiced over Sangam age women and gives a comprehensive summary and conclusion. To ensure the academic quality, specific textual references from the original works are provided for verifiable historical analysis.
Keywords: Tolkappiyam, Sangam Period, Women, Social Constraints.
2. கவிஞர் நா. காமராசன் வரலாறும் படைப்புகளும்
செ. அன்னலட்சுமி / முனைவர் தே. ராஜசீலி
Poet Na. Kamarasan and his Life and Literary Works
S. Annalakshmi / Dr. D. Rajaseeli
Abstract
Poetry is a type of refined literary form that expresses human emotions and experiences through creative language. In Tamil literature, poetry has evolved through various different forms of poetry such as classical poetry, free verse, haiku, and senryu. Classical poetry adheres to strict grammatical and prosody, while modern free verse is out of poetic expression by focusing on emotional and social reality. Among the poets who contributed to the evolution of modern Tamil poetry, Na. Kamarasan holds a distinguished name. His literary career started as a classical poet and embraced modern free verse. His poetry is deeply rooted in rationalist thought, socialism and social justice by addressing the experiences of common people. His poems have powerful language, vivid imagery, metaphors and pastoral themes. He transformed prose poetry into an effective medium of social criticism and artistic expression. His works challenged the outdated ideologies and reflected the contemporary social problems and earnined him popular recognition. This research article examines the origin and development of modern Tamil poetry and the role of Na. Kamarasan’s writing style in shaping up the poetry. It also explores his life, early years, educational background, professional career, works, awards, journalistic contributions, political involvement, film industry and other literary achievements. Hence, the study establishes Na. Kamarasan as a pioneer of the modern free verse movement and a central figure in the transformation of Tamil poetic tradition.
Keywords: Na. Kamarasan, Rationalist Thought, Socialist Ideology, Free Verse.
3. அகநானூற்றில் பொருளியல் சிந்தனைகள்
டோ. ஆரோக்கிய ஜெனிட்டா சலேயற் / முனைவர் கு. மேனகா
Economic Thoughts in Agananooru
D. Arokkya Jenitta Salayat / Dr. G. Menaga
Abstract
The development of a country is dependent on the natural resources and industries of a nation. The ancient Tamils divided the living landscapes into five categories. They are Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal, and Palai. On considering the nature of the soil and water found in those lands, they engaged in various types of occupations to lead life. Through the barter system, they gave the goods they had to others and acquired the necessary goods from others. Sangam literary works like Agananooru describe the economic life and trade of the ancient Tamils. In Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal, and Palai, the occupations are suited to each land, such as honey extraction, fruit gathering, agriculture, fishing, and hunting. After the barter system, the trade expanded further when currency came into circulation. Along with domestic trade, commercial relations were established with foreign countries as well in ancient Tamil Nadu. Such a system formed the foundation for the economic strength of Sangam Tamil Nadu. The Sangam economy developed through domestic and foreign trade. This study explores the modes of work, business, and economy practiced at Sangam times through Agananooru.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Agananooru, Economy, Conservation, Tamil Culture.
4. சிறுபாணாற்றுப்படையில் வண்மை
முனைவர் ரா. ஆனந்தி
Charity in Sirupanatruppadai
Dr. R. Anandhi
Abstract
Tamil is regarded as one of the primordial languages of the world. The Tamil people have fostered and preserved the linguistic heritage with a devotion surpassing even their own lives and establish its reputation on an international scale. Among the different disciplines, the literary arts stand as a pre-eminent achievement in Tamil culture. Tamil literature is instilled with philosophical insights intended to enhance the human experience. The Sangam literature encapsulates the cultural foundations of the Tamil region and has been categorised into the Pattupattu (Ten Idylls) and Ettuthokai (Eight Anthologies). Among the classical work Pattupattu, Sirupanatruppadai is a poem dedicated to celebrate the extraordinary philanthropy of a patron chieftain. The narrative focuses on a local chieftain named Nalliyakkodan and is structured as a guide wherein a poet directs another poet towards the king’s court by extolling his charitable nature. Such benevolent nature and philanthrophy ensured the lives of the poets and fostered the development of arts. The patronage of the chieftains was the primary means for the enrichment of Sangam literature. Their support encouraged literarture and spread the cultural values of Tamil society. Sirupanatruppadai illustrates the socio-cultural conditions that developed Tamil language, literature and its heritage. Hence, this research paper examines the generosity bestowed by the three monarchs and the seven legendary chieftains (Vallalgal) to the poets and the itinerant performers such Koothar, Porunar, Panar and Padini communities.
Keywords: Seven Legendary Chieftains, Charity, Sirupanatruppadai, Nalliyakkodan, Patron.
5. ஐந்திணை மக்களின் வாழ்வியலில் பாரம்பரிய இசைக்கருவி பறை
க. ய. ஆனந்தி
Traditional Musical Instrument Parai in the Life of the Ainthinai People
K. Y. Ananthi
Abstract
The Parai (drum) is a musical instrument created from the thick skin of animals. It is a traditional instrument of ancient Tamil society. By the use of this instrument, people drummed it to express their emotional thoughts to ensure the protection of their community and shared their joys. Thus, the instrument Parai became musical instrument that was connected with the life and blended with the emotions of the Tamil people. Even in the present times, even though the form and music of the Parai have undergone many changes due to the passage of time, its musical journey continues without any interruption. It carries the pride of traditional music and presents it to the world about the cultural identity and musical skills of the Tamils. This study will decode the role of the Parai used in the different landscapes of ancient Tamil Nadu. By investigating its different functions from agricultural rituals to communal use, the study illustrates how this skin-made instrument served as the rhythmic heartbeat of a highly organized and culturally developed Tamil civilization in ancient times. In order to find out the real facts, the theme how Parai (Leather Drum) has been an integral part used in the lives of the Ainthinai People.
Keywords: Parai, Skin Instrument, Music, Tamil Tradition, Ainthinai People.
6. மலசர் பழங்குடிகளின் மலசமொழிப் பண்பாட்டியங்கியல்
ச. கல்பனா / முனைவர் ச. குருஞானாம்பிகா
Ethnolinguistic Cultural Dialectics of the Malasar Tribes
S. Kalpana / Dr. S. Gurugnanambiga
Abstract
The tribal communities of India have separate languages, cultural values, religious beliefs and moral values that differ from the major society and emphasize unique and collective characteristics. The tribal communities have minimal representation in government and politics. They remain marginalized in fundamental rights and basic needs such as education and health. The tribal people have never claimed ownership on the land they live and are being alienated from their ancestral territories. They possess no material wealth and the language only serves as their property and marker of their identity. The tribal languages function as a means of communication and cultural repositories by preserving traditional knowledge systems, artistic values and folk literary traditions. The Malasar tribes speak Malasar language. The Malasar language belongs to the unspecified category of the South Indian family of languages but it has a close connection with Tamil language. Certain archaic Tamil words which are no longer in common usage in the present Tamil society are still used in the Malasar language. Sangam literature registers the developed life of the ancient Tamil society and portrays the occupations such as honey collection, tuber digging, capturing elephants and the ethics of courtship and love are seen in the life of the Malasar tribes. Nowadays, the Malasar language is heading towards extinction. It is to note that protecting the Malasar language is a vital process to preserve the cultural heritage of the Malasar tribes. The revival of the Malasar language will add more strength to the Tamil heritage and create a new way for the Malasar people to sustain themselves. Moreover, this revival would contribute to the progress of new frontiers in Tamil anthropology.
Keywords: Ethnolinguistics, Cultural Dialectics, Malasar Tribes, Malasar Language.
7. முத்தொள்ளாயிரத்தில் முடியுடை வேந்தர்களின் வாழ்த்தும் வணக்கமும்
வி. கலாவதி / முனைவர் ஜோ. அருணாதேவி
Greetings and Salutations of the Triumvirs in Muthollayiram
V. Kalavathi / Dr. J. Arunadevi
Abstract
Human thoughts possess a nature that develops with maturity. It is by the transformation of the thoughts that social exchange happens. Literature stands as an image of society and acts as a social progression. Among the Tamil classical literary works, Mutthollayiram is one of the Agam and Puram texts that blends public and non-public matters. The poems are composed with the thematic essence of 'Kaikkilai' (unreciprocated love). Mutthollayiram incorporates one hundred thirty verses. It is considered to have been written after the Sangam Age. It is categorised within the genre 'Virunthu' (ceremonial dinner poetry). It evinces the excellence of the benedictory nature that pertains to the Chera, Chola, and Pandiya kings. Indeed, Mutthollayiram serves as an esteemed anthology that sings and praises the triumvirs (Moovendars), the Chera, Chola and Pandyas. It comprises 130 poems and is structured into three divisions. They represent a group of panegyrics extolling the valour, administrative prowess and magnanimous quality of the triumvirs. It is stated that Mutthollayiram stands as a prototype for later minor literary genres like "Viru Thoothu," which succeeded the Puram (public/warfare) topics of Sangam literature. This work formed the basis of many minor literary genres that emerged later in Tamil literature. Hence, this article analyses the greetings and salutations of the triumvirs regarding their battle feats and heroism.
Keywords: Greetings, Salutations, Mutthollayiram, Triumvirs, Chera, Chola, Pandiya.
8. சங்ககால வேந்தர் - புலவர் உறவுமுறை
செ. காவியா / முனைவர் ந. விஜயசுந்தரி
The Relationship between King and the Poet during the Sangam Period
S. Kaviya / Dr. N. Vijaya Sundari
Abstract
Literature reflects the life and culture of ancient Tamils. Literatures help to mature the human mind. The matured human life does not end with one generation. It is bound together by relationships that develop from one generation to the next generation. Human relationships are very important for building a good society. One can learn easily about the excellence of human relationships through literature. Among relationships, Friendship is considered a primary one. Friendship is depicted in Sangam literature and it goes beyond the level of Friendship. The relationship of the Sangam period between the King and the Poet is a symbol of true friendship based on charity, love and compassion. The leader and the beloved relationship, the leader-companion relationship, and the leader-poet relationship depicted in Sangam literature seem pleasant. The King and the Poet’s relationship surpass all of them. Poets also served as wise ambassadors who gave advice to the Kings. The high quality of friendship can be seen in the life of the King Athiyaman, who respected Avvaiyar and the greatness of the emotional friendship that Kopperunchozhan and Pisiranthayar had for each other. One can see the friendship between Kopperunchozhan and the poet Pisiranthayar, who gave up his life facing north, the death ritual on hearing the king’s death. The Sangam poets have recorded their friendship as the eternal friendship that the poet Kapila had for King Pari. The virtues of a king who loves and patronizes the poets who seek help, the right given to poets to criticize mistakes by the king and unbiased ideas are found in Sangam literature. Nowadays, the concept of friendship is disappearing. So, the article highlights the King-Poet (Vendan-Pulavan) relationship at the times the Sangam period, using factual records from original sources.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, King, Poet, Relationship, Charity, Ritual Fasting for Death.
9. பட்டினப்பாலையில் கட்டடக்கலையும் கடல் தொல்லியலும்
சி. சக்தி லெட்சுமி / முனைவர் ச. அ. சுஜா
Architecture and Marine Archaeology in Pattinappaalai
S. Sakthi Lakshmi / Dr. S. A. Suja
Abstract
The Sangam literature is a collection of ten long poems known as Patthuppaattu (Ten Idylls). In it, Pattinappaalai serves as a historical record by offering detailed descriptions of ancient Tamil Architecture. The data found in the Sangam classical literature strengthened the physical evidence during the archaeological excavations. Pattinappalai portrays the majesty of the port city Kaveripoompattinam (Poompuhar) of the Chola regime and highlights its urban planning and structure. Many centuries later, marine archaeological explorations were conducted off the coast of this region and have revealed the submerged structural remains of the buildings that provide substantial evidence of this ancient Chola civilisation. This research paper aims to do a comparative analysis between the literary descriptions of the buildings evinced in Pattinappaalai and the architectural remnants discovered at the time of marine archaeology. It also synthesises the literary evidence with the real archaeological data to confirm the architectural excellence of the ancient Tamil port city Poompuhar.
Keywords: Pattinappaalai, Architecture, Marine Archaeology, Kaveripoompattinam.
10. சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் சிறுசோறு ஆக்குதல் விளையாட்டு
வே. சங்கீதா / முனைவர் அ. கலையரசி
Cooking Miniature Meals Game in Sangam Literature
V. Sangeetha / Dr. A. Kalaiyarasi
Abstract
Games play an important role in the daily lives of people. Children games provide the essential ideas that reflect social life. The ancient lives of the Tamil society are closely recorded in Sangam literature. They act as primary sources in revealing the culture, beliefs, social structure and human emotions of the Tamils. So, this study examines the cooking of miniature meals game as found in Sangam texts such as Agananooru, Kurunthogai and Ainkurunooru. The game of building miniature houses in Sangam literature is still played by children today. Nowadays, this game is called cooking miniature meals or building sandcastles. This game has been investigated through field research in the Virudhunagar region of Tamil Nadu. From the classical Sangam period to the present day, this game has been played by the young girls. This game seems that young girls are preparing miniature food. However, the research reveals that it discusses the relationship between man and woman. Besides, the 'cooking miniature meals' game registered in Sangam classics helps to understand the living conditions such as family structure and other cultural values of the society. This study also helps to understand the childhood life and about the games played in the Sangam society. By the study, it can be seen that the game of 'building miniature houses' speaks of love in Tamil society and becomes a fundamental unit for the family structure. So, this study evinces that one can understand how games could shape culture with in a social structure.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Cooking Miniature Meals, Love, Family, Food Habits.
11. கலித்தொகையில் தொன்மம்
முனைவர் கு. ர. சரளா
Myths in Kalithogai
Dr. K. R. Sarala
Abstract
The ancient Tamil literatures are called as Classical literatures (Sevvilakiyam). They are lyrically and conceptually well refined. The Tamil people founded Tamil Sangam to develop the language. Though, there were three Sangams in the Pandian country, only the last Sangam (Katai Sangam) literature is available to us in complete forms. Sangam literature is divided into Eighteen Greater Texts (Pathinen Melkanakku Noolgal) and Eighteen Lower Texts (Pathinen Keelkanakku Noolgal). The above works are categorized as Ten Idylls (Pattupattu) and Eight Anthologies (Ettuthogai). In this collection, the Eight Anthologies are a collection of poems sung by different poets who lived in different timelines. One of the Eight Anthologies is the Kalithogai. One can understand its optimistic nature from the epithet that the ‘learner is known’ from Kalithogai. This article studies on the use of Myth in the structure of Kalithogai, the songs of Kalithogai, the mythological messages, stories about gods, epic elements, ideological realizations of mythology, relationships created with mythology and mythological records unified into the fivefold landscapes on love, etc.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Kalithogai, Mythology, Realism Movement, Sociological Orientation.
12. கவிஞர் சிற்பியின் கவிதைகளில் பெண்ணியப் பார்வை
லூ. சவரியம்மாள்
Feminist Perspective in the Poetry of Poet Sirpi
L. Savariammal
Abstract
The term ‘feminism’ has a universal significance. It emerged as a morning star to emphasise the progress and equality of women. In the early period, the word ‘woman’ was used to denote the biological characteristics of a woman. Eventually, the term ‘feminism’ has been used to discuss the rights of women. It represents a feminist movement that started to emphasise the issues related to the rights of women and to defy violence committed against women. Basically, literature reflects the life of the common people and portrays its mundane themes. Women occupy a significant place in it. From the classical literature to the modern writings, the state of women has been discussed continuously. Thus, women have become an integral part of literary discourse. In modern Tamil poetry, poets have taken womanhood and celebrated it for many years as an important theme and created poems centred around it. After feminism emerged as a movement in India, modern literature has become a tool through which women can assert their rights and freedom. Feminists assert that poetry is a significant literary form that enables a woman to express her emotions and experiences in her own language and style. Nevertheless, this study focuses on how the poet Sirpi has portrayed the social status of women in his poems.
Keywords: Poet Sirpi, Poetry, Feminism, Struggle, Superstition.
13. சங்க கால அலைகுடி மரபினரும் பண்பாடும்
கொ. சாந்தி / முனைவர் சி. அழகர்
Alaikudi Tribes and their Culture in the Sangam Period
K. Shanthi / Dr. S. Alagar
Abstract
At the emergence of the land owned society, the Panar community entertained the people using vocal–musical arts. Later, at the time of monarchy, the Panar community established itself as a fine arts society and performed arts for the kings and the aristocratic people who gained social development based on their rich status among its descendants. The study aims to study the social heredity and culture of the Panar community. They lived as nomads, so the study has been planned to be done from an anthropological and sociological perspective. It examines the habits, food, customs, and cultural forms of the nomads, comparing them with those of the kings and the common people. Besides, it portrays the complex relationship between the Panar and their connection to the various landscapes (Thinai). It also illustrates their nomadic nature, which facilitated the mixture of cultural values in ancient Tamil territories. By scrutinising the transition of these bards from tribal entertainers to esteemed royal advisors and chroniclers, the article explores the subtle shifts in their social hierarchy. Emphasis is placed on the gendered roles within the community, particularly the contributions of the Padini (female bards). Ultimately, this study synthesises classical literary evidence with ethnographic principles to provide a holistic understanding of the Panar’s enduring legacy within the Tamil socio-cultural fabric.
Keywords: Alaikudi Tribes, Culture, Sangam Period, Music, Musical Instruments.
14. இமையத்தின் செல்லாத பணம் புதினத்தில் சமூக எதிர் நிலைகள்
திருமதி மு. சாரதா / முனைவர் க. சகாய கிரேஸி
Social Condtradictions in Imayam’s novel Sellatha Panam
Mrs. M. Saradha / Dr. K. Sakaya Gracy
Abstract
Society encompasses various ethical institutions. In it, family, education, healthcare, government, prisons and courts play a vital role. The innate nature of them manifests power. In the modern society, law and control are obligatory for the marginalized and vulnerable sections of the society. Love is suppressed to a woman by using the concepts of chastity, honor and family respect. Particularly, caste and economic status fostered attacks on specific groups. Modern Tamil novels show such problems. In Imaiyam's novel, the character Revathi, her parents and her relatives suffer in the hands of the police and healthcare professionals. So, power operates at various levels. The doctors in a hospital and the legal and judicial systems obtain power from education and are based on their knowledge but they enable power to control and dominate the subjugated people. In this manner, power operates in society and creates a vicious relationship among the people. To decode it, Tamil writer Imaiyam's novel 'Sellatha Panam' has been taken as a primary source to demonstrate the function of power in present Tamil novels. In a family, a woman is controlled by male domination. A woman who is ready for marriage is subjected to suppression in the family. Other individuals and institutions impose their authority over them. So, this article portrays how power institutions control the natural ways of women and their life. This novel shows the discourse of family members such as the mother, father, elder brother and sister-in-law and it is suggested always that a woman making autonomous decisions will lead to a danger for her. In the hospital setting of the novel, the nurses, doctors and security guards show an authoritative tone to control the common people. In the same way, the power of the police is unnoticed. The event that makes someone to file a complaint against Ravi demonstrates that power wielded officials can easily use their authority over anyone they want to. By the wrong exercise of power, two dissimilar aspects of selfhood are portrayed in the article.
Keywords: Imayam, Sellatha Panam, Caste, Economy, Social Contradiction.
15. தற்காலப் புதினங்களின் வேளாண்மைப் பதிவுகள்
திரு. ரா. சித்திக் அலி / முனைவர் ஆ. ஜாய்ஸ் ஜெய ரூபி
Agricultural Records in Modern Novels
Mr. R. Sidiq Ali / Dr. A. Joyce Jaya Ruby
Abstract
The Tamil literary tradition transpires on every subject from time to time, including the lives of the Tamil people. From the Sangam times to the present times, the progress of Tamil literature has remained the voice of human life. Modern literature portrays the culture of human life. The writers don't just create mere stories. They witness the text and the structure of the story. In particular, humans observe the marginal structure with the movement of life and connect themselves to it in a way that suits the track of the story. So, writers pay unique attention to each and every element of the artistic field. The subjects like language, culture, customs, food and clothing are included in the modern novels. Nowadays, writers dedicate a vast amount of effort to identify the way of life related to the soil. Thus, modern novels play an imperative role in conveying the lives of rural people to society. In fact, food and dress are the essential needs of man. Agricultural technology has been recorded in the novels of contemporary writers that show how the villagers have utilized the importance of agriculture to satisfy the need for food. In their works, the contemporary Tamil novelists have documented how the rural people have integrated their lives with agricultural life.
Keywords: Modern Literature, Novels, Agriculture, Agricultural Records, People's Lives.
16. கவிஞர் முடியரசனார் சுட்டும் மாண்புடைய மாணவப்பருவம்
செல்வி மு. சிவபாக்கியா / முனைவர் அ. கமலம்
Poet Mudiyarasan's Portrayal of Virtuous Studenthood
Ms. M. Sivabakiya / Dr. A. Kamalam
Abstract
Poet Mudiyarasan is a disciple of Pavendhar Bharathidasan. He was a distinguished scholar who pursued higher education such as Pravesa Panditham and Vidhwan at Melasivapuri. He is a progressive thinker who practised and advocated the rejection of caste-based discrimination by arranging inter-caste marriages for his children as he had done in his life. He served as a teacher for thirty-one years by dedicating himself to the field of education. Mudiyarasan highlights the dignity and significance of student life through proper classroom education, the use of the library and political knowledge. Education guides and enriches human life. It is a fundamental right because it elevates students to higher positions and responsible roles in society. Through his teaching, Mudiyarasan shaped many of his students into achievers in various fields. He expresses deep distress about the present condition of students who perceive the classroom as a place of oppression like a prison, a courtroom or a cage. On the other hand, teachers view students as raw material to be moulded and the students regard teachers as a source of entertainment. The poet emphasises that a teacher–student relationship has to be strengthened when teaching is personalised to students’ interests and mental nature. So, books serve as close companions to students and libraries function as intellectual spaces that eliminate ignorance and give intellectual abilities. Mudiyarasan praises great leaders such as Rajaji and Annadurai who suggested reading and reading habits and pointed out their distinction in the political sphere. When school and college students engage in reading, their critical thinking and imaginative skills can be enhanced. In turn, teachers can encourage and promote reading practices among students. The poet believes that success in politics can be attainable only when individuals acquire extensive knowledge through wide reading. In contemporary politics, ethical degradation has become widespread and power is often misused for personal gain. The social evils such as casteism, bogus electoral promises and corruption yield nothing positive to the society. These challenges can be resolved only by selfless leaders who are committed to public goodness. Hence, students need to observe, discuss and analyse the present-day political practices with maturity and clarity. Young voters must remain politically conscious and apply ethical principles in life. He suggests that by learning politics and adhering to the ideals of great leaders, students can contribute their service to society. So, this article examines the noble ideals for student life as pointed out by Kaviyarasar Mudiyarasan.
Keywords: Poet Mudiyarasan, Student Life, Classroom, Library, Politics.
17. சித்தர் பாடல்களில் உத்தி முறைகள்
மு. சிவா / முனைவர் ஆ. முருகானந்தம்
Techniques in Siddha Songs
M. Siva / Dr. A. Muruganandham
Abstract
Tamil language excels as a distinguished classical language in the world. The literature emerged in Tamil depicts both the internal and the external lives through the songs. They reflect the lives of the ancient Tamil people and their contemporary life practices. Among the ancient classical Tamil works, the works that discuss on medicine are chiefly from the Siddhar literatures. The works indicate the ancient methods to cure physical ailments and also as renders remedies for certain psychological problems. Even today, Tamil literature continues to produce such didactic and medical literature. From the classical Tolkappiyam, grammar books have been used to teach specific cultural methodologies. Devoid of the possible application of these methodologies, the exclusivity of the Siddar literature cannot be distinguished. Siddhar literatures employ rational methodologies and embed thosr progressive ideas with medical guidance. They have maintained a stable place in the people's minds. Hence, the objective of this research paper is to study the logical methods used in Siddhar literary works from the perspectives of grammar and literary genre.
Keywords: Siddar Songs, Techniques, Life Literature, Clairvoyance Literature.
18. வைரமுத்து சிறுகதைகளில் உள்ளடக்கம்
நா. சின்னையா / முனைவர் சோ. கண்ணதாசன்
Content in the Short Stories of Vairamuthu
N. Chinnaya / Dr. S. Kannadasan
Abstract
The literary devices created to make the emotions that commonly arise in one's mind also would arise in the minds of others. They are called literary art. Literature feeds the emotions. Emotional nourishment is the delight that one gets from literature. This is the main sort of delight and benefit that one can get from literature. It is also a kind of literary delight to know that what kind of literary devices are used to create this satisfaction in the mind. In fact, Short stories must have existed before the advent of writing in oral forms. Their original forms might have existed many thousands of years ago. It can be assumed that the genre of short story has been developing continuously since that primitive period to the present day. Yet, there are many important differences between the short story that we consider in modern times and traditional story forms such as oral tales, folktales and parables. Folktales have a long history of recording cultural traditions in a very simple way. Vairamuthu is one of the famous Tamil writers. His short stories are known for their notable content that reflects the lives of the common people. Hence, this research paper decodes the content of social thoughts found in the short stories of Vairamuthu.
Keywords: Content, Society, Short Story, Composition, Vairamuthu, Social Thought.
19. நற்றிணையில் நெய்தல் திணை மாந்தர் வாழ்க்கை
சு. சுந்தரி / முனைவர் நா. தனராஜன் / முனைவர் இல. பொம்மி
The Life of Neythal Thinai People in Natrinai
S. Sunthari / Dr. N. Dhanarajan / Dr. L. Bhommi
Abstract
Ancient Tamil literatures are classical literatures and are full of various life oriented concepts that benefit everyone in human life. Among the literary arts developed by Tamils, Tamil literature is at the highest position. It is an indisputable fact that there is not adequate information about the life of maritime people (Neithal Thinai) in the contemporary literature in Tamil. But the ancient Sangam literature has recorded many sea-related messages in it. Though, more data is found in the Sangam literature than the news about the coastal people in this time. The Neithal landscape poems from Sangam literature document the life of the coastal communities. In Natrinai, elaborate depictions about fishing, salt production and commerce, maritime adventures and the occupational life of the Parathavar community are seen apparently. The beloved’s (heroine) longing from the leader’s (hero) absence, the clandestine love of the coastal tracts and other socio-cultural lives are articulated in Natrinai. The Sangam literary work Natrinai registers and glorifies the cultural identity of these coastal people. To illustrate them, the paper investigates the life of the coastal (Neithal Thinai) people with valid resources.
Keywords: Life, Coastal People, Neithal, Sangam Literature, Natrinai.
20. இனவரைவியல் நோக்கில் கழுதைப் பாதை
மு. பெ. சுப்புலட்சுமி / முனைவர் மு. அருணாசலம்
Kazhudhai Paadhai from an Ethnographic Perspective
M. P. Subbulakshmi / Dr. M. Arunachalam
Abstract
This research aims to examine the ethnographic elements of the Mudhuva community, an indigenous tribal group as depicted in S. Senthilkumar’s novel "Kazhudhai Paadhai" (The Donkey’s Path). The setting of the novel is Bodinayakanur and it is also known as Bodipatti. It is located at the foothills of the Western Ghats in Theni district, Tamil Nadu. This area was once a part of the princely state of Travancore and became a Zamindari estate for the son-in-law of Poonjiyaru Maharaja's descendant, Poovenendra Thambiran. The village was integrated into the Devadanam estate. The Devadanam Zamindari was divided into 48 villages; it includs Thambinayakanpatti and Chakkamanayakanpatti and integrated into the Travancore state. During the reign of King Thirumalai Nayakkar, Devanga communities were brought from Karnataka for silk weaving. The families of Rasappan Chettiar and Ramasamy Chettiar settled in Bodipatti. Along with them, the families of Okkaliga Kaapu Gounders and Kurumba Gounders also migrated. Thirumalai Nayakkar’s army of 200,000 soldiers accompanied them. To sustain their livelihoods, the Zamindars granted them land rights in the Kurangani hills of Bodipatti. They cultivated coffee by sowing seeds on the land granted to them and developed coffee plantations. A path was created through the hills, wide enough for donkeys, horses and people to walk. This became to be known as the Donkey’s Path (Kazhudhai Paadhai). The Bodipatti and Mudhuva people worked hard to establish these plantations in the mountainous regions. Mudhuva tribal people continued to live in these hills. Hence, the article explores their beliefs, rituals, worship practices, festivals, social customs and traditional systems.
Keywords: S. Senthilkumar, Tamil Novel, Ethnography, Kazhudhai Paadhai, Beliefs.
21. சங்க காலத்தில் தம்பலப்பூச்சி
முனைவர் அ. சுஜாதா ஜாய்ஸ்
Dhampalapoochi during the Sangam Period
Dr. A. Sujatha Joice
Abstract
In the life of the ancient Tamil people, every small creature of nature had a place for their attention and poetry. From the shadows of trees and the movement of clouds, the small unknown insects living in the grasslands became the poetic metaphors in their writings. Like this, the red pearl-like insect that is known as Dhampalapoochi has become a natural symbol and a reflection of human emotions in the vision of the Sangam poets. This insect is compared to an old woman, moving with a small belly and walking in a red light, seems as a metaphor for the beloved and her strong emotions of sensual moments in the minds of the poets. Since is seems like “the old woman who is like a pearl in a pearl”, the Tamil poets saw the brightness of a pearl and the longing of love even in an insect. This small creature appears in various Sangam texts under the names “Kopam” and “Semmoodhai” and can be said to be a small opening that sheds light on the social life of the Sangam times. When one talks about the natural environment of Sangam literature, one can feel the flow of life that beats in trees and flowers and also the entire earth through the poet's words. These tiny insects are glowing red at the edge of that word and are a mixture of poetry and eco-biological vision. Such creations combine the traditional environmental knowledge of Tamils and the subtle value of human emotions and shows classical history.
Keywords: Dhambalapoochi, Semmuthai, Sangam Literature, Poet, Tamil, Culture.
22. ஒரத்தநாடு வட்டார நாட்டுப்புறப் பாடல்களில் வேளாண்மை
சு. செந்தில்குமார் / முனைவர் இரா. தமிழடியான்
Agriculture in the Folk Songs of Orathanadu Region
S. Senthil Kumar / Dr. R. Tamizadiyaan
Abstract
The man expressed his thoughts by gestures and his emotions by sounds before formal speech started. Words are natural and express man’s emotions through sounds. When words and sounds combined, songs occured and before the advent of grammar, words were arranged in accord with music. The delight of folk songs can be known as the means of the Tamil society, the expression of the truth and the open liberation of the moving desire which does not get stammered in the rules of grammar. Folk songs are classified according to the context in which they are sung, and the nature of the life events, such as folk tales, folk proverbs, legends, etc., are forms of folk literature. The agricultural folk songs of the Orathanadu region capture the life of ploughing, sowing and harvesting with the use of traditional tools like the kalappai (wooden plough) and the brilliant management of water from the Vennar River. By decoding the practical wisdom in the songs that eased the monotony of labour and preserved the collective memory of the people. Hence, this article examines the agricultural records of the Orathanadu region at Tanjore district in selected folk songs.
Keywords: Agriculture, Folk Songs, Orathanadu Region, Tanjore, Tamil Nadu.
23. சைவ சமயப் பிள்ளைத்தமிழ் நூல்களில் படைப்பாளுமை
த. தமிழ்ச்செல்வி / முனைவர் சை. ஆசிக் ஹமீது
Creativity in Pillai Tamil Books of Saiva Religion
T. Tamilselvi / Dr. S. Asic Hameed
Abstract
The language that operates autonomously in the world is Tamil language. Although there are various types of literatures in Tamil, there is a unique literary genere that is not being found in other languages is Pillai Tamil. The importance of Pillai Tamil is to sing about God or the best among humans in the form of a child. There is no human being who does not like novelty and there is no life without change. So, changes are the only things that constantly change. No literature appears or disappears automatically. So, deep social trends are the basis of everything. Change happens while the writers introduce change in their works and express their works with exceptional skills. Pillai Tamil is a distinctive literary form that is structured around the ten stages of childhood, from infancy to adolescence. Each of them is marvelous for its poetic convention. In Saiva Pillai Tamil works, the child is often Lord Murugan or Shiva and the poets explore the profound life and symbols through intimate, maternal emotions. By creating the divine god as a playful, dependent child, the writers express deep devotion through the universal experiences like milk feeding, lullaby, and teaching of first words. It makes the complex philosophy accessible and emotionally deep for the common devotee. Hence, this article investigates how the creators express their creativity in the Pillai Tamil.
Keywords: Bhakthi Literature, Saiva Religion, Pillai Tamil Books, Creativity.
24. அகநானூற்றில் வாழ்வியல் கூறுகள்
ரா. திலகவதி / முனைவர் த. கார்த்திகேயன்
Aspects of Life in Agananooru
R. Thilagavathi / Dr. D. Karthikeyan
Abstract
The ancient Tamil language has many literary masterpieces. Very chief among them is the Sangam literature. These mirror the ancient Tamil society with a lucid portrayal of life. Agananooru is one of the largest Sangam literary works that has been connected with the lives of the people. This work echoes the life of Tamils in a realistic manner. This analysis aims to bring out the literary history of the Sangam period to the world for the significant life oriented ideas expressed about the life of the people and the songs that include parables seen in it. The article evinces the news about the Tamil people of the Sangam period and the wealth of the country. The society has been categorised into five landscapes, and the occupations of the ancient Tamil people who lived in these landscapes and worshipped the God of the particular landscapes are detailed in the article.
Keywords: Life Values, Rivers, Mountains, Society, Nature Worship.
25. நீதி இலக்கியங்களில் பொருளாதாரப் பின்னணி
பா. தினேஷ்குமார் / முனைவர் பே. மஹேஸ்வரி
Economic Background in Didactic Literature
B. Dineshkumar / Dr. P. Maheswari
Abstract
Didactic books elicit the moral principles that are necessary for life. It is comprised of the three basic virtues of life. They are charity (Aram), materialism (Porul) and pleasure (Inbam). Materialism is essential for living a decent life. Pleasure control is important to live on the path of virtue. Normally, an economy is determined by wealth, land and money. Everyone needs money to live and have the basic three necessities like food, clothing and shelter. This meaning is based on the profession, talent, honesty, dedication and involvement in one's work. So, everyone’s economic worth is determined by the accumulation of land, wealth, money, dress, jewellery, household items, fame and the value they gain. The didactic books are full of useful methods for extracting the meaning that contains information about foods, lifestyle, culture and customs of the people. Hence, the article plans to examine the industries that support the lives of the people, the goods produced by them and the materially modified family environments and their diet.
Keywords: Didactic Literature, Economy, Background, Pagan, Pathi.
26. மேலாண்மை பொன்னுச்சாமியின் நாவல்களில் பெண்களின் இயல்பு நிலை
ச. தேவநேசன் / முனைவர் அ. கோவிந்தராஜன்
Natural State of Women in the Novels of Melanmai Ponnusamy
S. Devanesan / Dr. A. Govindarajan
Abstract
The novel “Ini Enum” centres around the life of the Karisal people who are the inhabitants of the arid black-soil region of Tamil Nadu. The protagonist Jambulingam, exemplifies the image of this agrarian community and Mahalakshmi serves as the secondary character. Agriculture is the principal occupation of the Karisal people. Jambulinga engages deep in farming work and Mahalakshmi labours nearby him and from the perseverance of both affection blossoms between them. Jambulingam marries Mahalakshmi. Mahalakshmi receives three hundred rupees and a small part of irrigated land. They transform the barren soil into fertile one. Melanmai Ponnusamy portrays the efforts of the couple made the parched land (Karisal) to flourish. The short story “Achchame Nagaram” contrasts two women. It is about a one who succumbs to urban deprivation through fear and another one who attains a life of dignity through courage. Subbuthayi marries sick Murugesan and is unable to sustain a marital life with him. After his death, poverty forces her to work by carrying water in a landlord’s house. Subbuthayi yields to the landlord. Her story illustrates how poverty legitimises even moral lapses. On the contrary, Muniyamma is ten years older than Chinnaal but marries him out of true love and challenges social conventions. In “Achchame Nagaram.” the author delivers the message that love transcends the social boundaries of age. In “Oor Mann,” the author explores how marriage transforms a man by true affection of his wife. The young protagonist Kritnan is a wanderer who consents unwillingly to his father’s wish to marry Shenbagam. Mutual understanding grows between them and they live a harmonious life. A daughter is born to them and symbolise their affection. The novel “Eeswara” centers on the in depth value of familial love. The sibling Ganesaraj and Lakshmi quarrel often in their childhood but poverty joins them together in later life. At Lakshmi’s marriage, Ganesaraj suffers humiliation for not being able to provide adequate dowry. Whenever Lakshmi’s husband hears Ganesaraj’s name, he flares up in anger. Their childhood quarrels change into a fraternal bond after their death of their parents. Ganesaraj reveals the tenderness of his brotherly love to his sister.
Keywords: Malanmai Ponnusamy, Natural State, Women, Novels, Tamil Literature.
27. அரு. ராமநாதனின் வீரபாண்டியன் மனைவி நாவலில் திருப்பரங்குன்றம் கோயில் - ஓர் கள ஆய்வு
திருமதி பா. நந்தினி / முனைவர் ஜெ. அருள் இருதய ஜெயந்தி
Thirupparankundram Temple in Aru. Ramanathan’s Novel Veerapandiyan Manaivi – A Field Study
Mrs. P. Nandhini / Dr. J. Arul Irudaya Jeyanthi
Abstract
Aru. Ramanathan’s Veerapandiyan Manaivi is a novel that portrays the historical, spiritual and cultural identities of the Madurai region. Thirupparankundram Murugan Temple is one of the holy cities of Madurai. It is presented in this novel as an important symbol. The study explores the worship practices, psychological dimensions and cultural aspects connected with the Thirupparankundram Temple. In the novel, the Thirupparankundram Temple is not only a place of worship but it is portrayed as a center of spiritual living, a psychological backdrop for the heroine’s (Thalaivi) inner transformation. The formation of the hill temple, the cave temple worship, symbols of Murugan devotion, beliefs and festivals are recorded with the natural environment and creativity. The theme of this article is not just a geographical location but a spiritual realm and an archetypal symbol of inner peace. In the novel, the heroine’s life struggles and her spiritual quests transforms into deep faith are expressed in connection with the symbols of the Thirupparankundram Temple. The aspects of field study, psychology, worship methods and feminist ideas are keenly considered in the study. The study focuses on the four dimensions such as worship, tradition, land and mind and how Thirupparankundram Temple has become significant in the lives of the characters. Aru. Ramanathan’s portrayal of the Thirupparankundram Temple as a spiritual symbol of the Madurai region and a place of liberation in the female mind brings mutually the deep foundations of Tamil Nadu’s worship methods and a modern literary perspective. Hence, this article presents a three-dimensional study of the Thirupparankundram Temple as a spiritual centre, a cultural site and a psychological mediun of feminist thought.
Keywords: Aru. Ramanathan, Veerapandiyan Manaivi, Thirupparankundram Temple, Belief, Worship.
28. நற்றிணை காட்டும் குறிஞ்சிநிலத் தொழில்கள்
மு. நாகலட்சுமி / முனைவர் தே. ராஜசீலி
The Occupations of the Kurinji Region Depicted in Natrinai
M. Nagalakshmi / Dr. D. Rajaseeli
Abstract
Sangam literature has a prominent place in Tamil literature. Among them, Natrinai is is a noteworthy work that is often being placed first among the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthogai) and got the epithet 'Nal' (good) Natrinai. Natrinai illustrates the ancient social life, culture and occupations of the Tamil people. Besides, Kurinji is one of the five landscapes that refer to the mountainous region and its surrounding areas. One can find breeze, dense forests, waterfalls, rivers and mountains with trees such as Mango tree, Vagai tree, Neem tree, and Vengai tree. Wild animals such as tigers, elephants and deer also inhabit this region. The people of this land lived in harmony with nature and their lives were close with the natural world and hard work. Through the study of Natrinai, one can learn about the ancient occupations, lifestyle and the natural life of the people who lived in this region. Among the basic needs of man, food is considered the foremost one. On those days, the absence of poverty is essential for every person to acquire noble qualities. The ancient Tamils pursued various occupations to secure it. The Kurinji land is one of the five types of land divisions classified by the Sangam Tamils. This land consists of mountains and mountainous regions. The people who lived in this region engaged in occupations suited to the land, such as millet cultivation, honey collection, tuber digging, and hunting animals. Hence, this article examines the occupations of the Kurinji land based on the sources from Natrinai.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Natrinai, Ainthinai, Kurinji Land, Occupation.
29. விருதுநகர் மாவட்ட நினைவுக்கற்களில் கல்வெட்டுப் பதிவும் பண்பாட்டு மரபுகளும்
ர. நாகலட்சுமி / முனைவர் ந. அருள்மொழி
Inscriptions and Cultural Traditions in the Memorial Stones of Virudhunagar District
R. Nagalakshmi / Dr. N. Arulmozhi
Abstract
The Tamil term “tonmai” denotes to the deep antiquity of the early primordial state of existence in a society. Many inscriptions that recount history reveal the time immemorial traditions and cultural heritage of the people. The form of worship, beliefs, acts of generosity, concepts of afterlife, existence and various other aspects of life are reflected as part of their cultural heritage in the epigraphic records. The information related to afterlife is particularly known through the memorial stones and the inscriptions found in it. Various types of memorial stones represent the heroic cultural traditions (Veera Aam). When the warriors perform heroic deeds and died, memorial stones were erected in their honour. Their deeds were inscribed on these stones and various rituals were performed as part of their worship. This article examines the heroic traditions of ancient times in the Virudhunagar district through the inscriptions by focusing on the memorial stones as the primary evidence. It also explores the remnants of these memorial stone traditions continue as extensions of contemporary worship practices.
Keywords: Virudhunagar, Memorial Stones, Culverts, Documentation, Culture.
30. சங்க அக இலக்கியங்களில் பரத்தைமை வாழ்வியல் விழுமியங்கள்
ல. நிவேதா / முனைவர் சி. யசோதா
The Values of Life of the Parathai in Sangam Agam Literature
L. Nivetha / Dr. S.Yasotha
Abstract
The first civilised race to appear in the world was the Tamil race. The Tamil civilisation is still admired and followed by many people. They lived with love and bravery as their two eyes in the Sangam times. The literature speaks of many volumes about the lives of the ancient Tamil people and the knowledge they had. It is astonishing to think the love life (Agam) and the life value system they devised for them. In the Sangam literature, Tamil social identities are varied and the characters have a place at various levels. In the Sangam literature, the creator is completely anonymous and the characters express the joys and sorrows of their inner lives (Agam) through narration. Parathamai is considered as one of the immoral ones among the Sangam people. At the times, harlots also existed. They are called as ‘Parathai’ in Tamil. They are excluded from society for their immoral behavior and unstable character. Their appearance and actions have been portrayed as uneducated and immoral nature by the patriarchal social system. A female community excluded from the limitations of the chastity doctrine constructed by the society was identified as ‘Parathaiar’. Hence, the study presents the assessment of the oppressed female community by examining the life of Parathaiar in Sangam literature.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Agam Literature, Life Values, Harlots.
31. பெரும்பாணாற்றுப்படையில் அசைவுயிர் வளர்ப்பும் பயன்பாடும்
ரெ. நிஷா / முனைவர் ஜெ. பிறீடாமேபல் ராணி
Breeding and Use of Livestock in Perumpaanatrupadai
R. Nisha / Dr. J. Freeda Mabel Rani
Abstract
Perumpaanatruppadai is one of the ten anthologies (Pathuppattu) of Sangam literature. It encompasses various fields of study and presents rare insights on Ancient Tamil Nadu. It contains information about the breeding of livestock and their uses. From the Sangam period to the present day, Tamils lived their lives very closely associated with animals. The people of the Sangam period lived in harmony with animals and it played a significant role in their lives. The livestock constituted a major part of their existence. In "Perumpaanatruppadai" animals such as cows, bulls, goats, elephants and horses are highlighted as primary resources for the people during the Sangam period. They served for purposes in agriculture, warfare, trade and food needs. The people of that time domesticated and raised farm animals according to their culture and customs. It is apparent that they understood how to train and manage the animals. This indicates the contribution of livestock to the social lifee, economic development and business of the Sangam society. The livelihood of the people was based on the breeding and utilization of these animals. They care for them and feed them which in turn brought them health and wealth. The Sangam people also utilized the parts of the dead animals to create tools and weapons. The dairy products like milk, yogurt and buttermilk obtained from livestock were significant food sources for the Sangam people. "Perumpaanatruppadai" provides such valuable information on the methods of breeding and uses of livestock according to the thinai environment. Therefore, the research paper explains the breeding and use of livestock as described in the “Perumpaanatruppadai”..
Keywords: Use, Breeding, Livestock, Perumpaanatruppadai, Sangam Period.
32. தேம்பாவணியில் உவகை மெய்ப்பாடு
அ. பியூலா ரூபி / முனைவர் சி. சொர்ணமாலா
Expression of Extreme Pleasure in Thembavani
A. Beaula Ruby / Dr. C. Sornamala
Abstract
Literature serves as a mirror of a certain period reflecting the culture, behavior, and character of the people of that particular age. Just as time possesses continuity, literature too embodies vitality and emotions enduring across many generations. The experiences depicted by the author whether joyful or sorrowful situations are transmitted to the reader with equal emotional intensity. This ability to evoke and preserve human emotions constituted the idiosyncratic equality of literature. In this framework, Tholkappiar defines inner feelings as the outward manifestations of emotional states. He classifies these inner feelings into eight categories such as laughter, weeping, weakness, confusion, fear, pride, innocence and joy. In addition, he asserts that each of these emotions emerges through a process rooted in four distinct stages. The contribution of the study favours in the examination and the correspondence between these classifications of inner feelings (Agam) and the ideas and events represented in the classical work Thembavani.
Keywords: Manifestation, Emotional, Joy, State, Thembavani.
33. சங்ககால மீனவர்களின் இருப்பிடமும் தற்கால மீனவர்களின் இருப்பிடமும்
ஆ. பிரபாகரன் / முனைவர் ப. விக்னேஸ்வரி
The Living Places of Fishermen in the Sangam Period and in the Modern Times
A. Prabakaran / Dr. P. Vigneshwari
Abstract
The traditional life and modern socio-economic changes in the inhabitations of the coastal land (Neithal) has numerous evidences from Sangam literature to the contemporary times. The study highlights the classical Tamil texts that describe coastal communities (Neithal thinai people) living as society in huts and white sand dunes. Their settlements were distinct in the areas such as Sirukudi, Siruur, Cheri, Paakkam and the port city, Pattinam. The huts of the Parathavar community were very simple and were built with natural materials like reeds, branches and Tharuppai/Kurambai grass. It shows the deep cultural connection between livelihood and liberty among the coastal people. In contrast, modern settlements are now commonly called 'Kuppam' that retains the same Sangam-era term ‘Pattinam’ in some districts like Pudukkottai from Kattumavadi to Enathi. Nowadays, the simple thatched huts have been replaced by diverse buildings tiled and concrete houses reflecting sharp economic disparities when compared to the past. Fishermen communities are now as boat owners, brokers and wage labourers with many remaining disadvantaged in life and business. The challenges include environmental vulnerability and constant cultural bias associating their settlements with impurity gives the pitfalls. The government initiative schemes such as the ‘Free Housing Scheme’ are some of the crucial interventions in their life. Hence, this comparative study contrasts the traditional habitation found in Sangam literature with the socio-economic and structural changes seen in the contemporary settlements in Pudukkottai. It provides seep insights to know about the cultural stability, spatial identity and cultural spirit of the Tamil fishermen communities in the face of modernization.
Keywords: Fishermen, Sangam Times, Modern Times, Living Place.
34. வள்ளல் பாரியின் பறம்பு மலை அன்றும் இன்றும்
வீ. மஞ்சு / முனைவர் கோ. ஜெயஸ்ரீ
Vallal Paari’s Parambu Hill Then and Now
V. Manju / Dr. G. Jayasree
Abstract
Generosity is the quality of grace in a person. It is the quality of being willing to the help someone before asking for help. Sangam literature portrays sages, kings and chieftains are being endowed with virtues. Among them, we still remember the generosity of the seven philanthropists who lived in the Kadai Sangam, namely, Paari, Oori, Kaari, Nalli, Adhiyan, Began and Aai, through the Sangam literature. When one says of philanthrophy one can instantly remember paari. It is important that while others are excellent in their philanthrophic qualities only Paari is a vallal and surpasses all because the nature of alms he gave is supreme. Although he gives alms to the poor people, poets and other living being such as peacock. Paari vallal gave his chariot to the dying mullai creeper. The Sangam poet on seeing the sorrow that was flowing in the wind without any support to the Mullai creeper felt the heart of Paari’s compassion. Paari vallal saw the mullai creeper suffering without support. Even if the daisies do not open their mouths to express their sorrow, Paari feels the sorrow. The purananooru song expresess the compassion of Paari who gave his chariot with its ringing bells as a horn to the Mullai creeper. Parambu hill is now known as Pranmalai. Nevertheless, the study compares the authentic resources of Parambu Hill mentioned in the Purananooru with the references of the modern-day Piranmalai and compares them with the historical view to determine whether Pranmalai is the same Parambu hill and investigates the environment of Parambu Hill in the early times and in the present times.
Keywords: Paari, Parambu Hills, Piranmalai, Alms, Philanthropist.
35. சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் மலர்கள்
முனைவர் இரா. மதன்ராஜ்
Flowers in Sangam Literature
Dr. R. Mathanraj
Abstract
Sangam literature portrays the life of people who lived in close up harmony with nature. In their lives, flowers occupied a requisite place. They held primary implication in both auspicious and inauspicious events of social life. In both, the interior (Akam) and exterior (Puram) setting, flowers functioned as symbols, as gifts and as offerings suitable for divine worship to attain a great status. Sangam texts express the value and emotional attachment of the people of the period had toward flowers. They record the ecological contexts in which flowers appear in the martial events of the Puram tradition as well as in the symbolic signs that signify situations within the Akam poetic setting. It is apparent that flowers were inseparably interwoven into the life settings of gods, kings, warriors, the hero (Talaivan), the heroine (Talaivi) and the common people. Besides, this article focuses on the thematic aspects that highlight the important role of flowers in social customs and practices such as ritual observances, hearing auspicious words, belief systems, marriage ceremonies, ritual bathing and other auspicious and inauspicious occasions at Sangam period.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Flowers, Tamil Culture.
36. அகப் பாடல்களில் மெய்ப்பாட்டியல் கோட்பாடுகள்
ப. முரளிகிருஷ்ணன் / முனைவர் ச. ரேணுகா
Principles of Realism in Agam Songs
P. Muralikrishnan / Dr. S. Renuga
Abstract
The ancient and foundational texts of the Tamil language are Tolkappiyam and Sangam literature. Among them, Tolkappiyam defines the structure of the language and literature and Sanga literature portrays the life of the Sangam people. It also evinces the norms of certain arts that were at vogue. Among them, the section Meippatiyal is a part that combines drama and dance. It describes the state of acting according to the physical feelings of the body. It also explains the nature of the heroine (Thalaivi) in the inner (Agan) life. These sensations are not natural to all living beings but are peculiar characteristics of an intelligent individual. In the section Kalaviyal, it explains the emotions of the beloved and explains the emotional situations that are shown in the Meippatiyal section. In fact, Sangam literature consists of a lot of emotional states that indicates them. Since, these are essential features of the basic structure of literature; this is a feature that needs to be understood. Therefore, the literature of the Tamil language is based on the element of emotional stances to a certain extent. Hence, the article investigates on the emotional feelings as mentioned in the Sangam literature.
Keywords: Sangam literature, Meippatiyal, Inner life, Emotions, Situation.
37. தருமபுரி மாவட்ட உழவுத் தொழில் முறைகள்
முனைவர் மா. மூர்த்தி
Agricultural Practices of Dharmapuri District
Dr. M. Moorthy
Abstract
Much similar to the immense and diverse realms of the natural world, literature has also extended across many languages and cultures. Oral literature forms an essential part of diversity by emerging among many communities that live in close connection to nature. Every social group has its own oral tradition and Eelam is no exception of it. Across many regions of Eelam, oral literature appears to be very close to the lifestyle and cultural practices of the Tamil people. The variety of oral literature is extensive, it includes folk tales, ballads, occupational songs, kangaṇi songs, arivivettu songs, tea estate songs, fisherfolk songs, and many other forms that have developed over many generations. Among them, oral songs are notable for its rich descriptions of natural scenes. It is one of the key a characteristics seen in Eelam’s oral traditions. Yet, due to the social transformations made by globalization, the oral songs are diminishing gradually. As a result, the ecological knowledge and understanding of natural resources are embedded in them and has been declining among present-day communities. So, identifying them as the central research problem, the study investigates to preserve these vanishing oral songs and would like to highlight the representations of nature found in them. The study gives awareness on the important role of nature in shaping community life. Even though oral songs exist throughout Eelam, this study focuses on selected regions. The research study will use cultural-anthropological approach based on fieldwork by decoding the listening content to the recorded oral songs from authentic resources.
Keywords: Seru, Pattam, Marukaal, Fallow, Tillage, Crops, Agriculture, Bar Bathi, Manju, Vaikaal.
38. இயற்கையும் வாய்மொழி இலக்கியமும்: ஈழத்து வாய்மொழி இலக்கியங்களை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்ட ஆய்வு
மெய்யநாதன் கேதீஸ்வரன்
Nature and Oral Literature: A Study Based on the Oral Literary Traditions of Eelam
Meyianathan Ketheeswaran
Abstract
Didactic books elicit the moral principles that are necessary for life. It is comprised of the three basic virtues of life. They are charity (Aram), materialism (Porul) and pleasure (Inbam). Materialism is essential for living a decent life. Pleasure control is important to live on the path of virtue. Normally, an economy is determined by wealth, land and money. Everyone needs money to live and have the basic three necessities like food, clothing and shelter. This meaning is based on the profession, talent, honesty, dedication and involvement in one's work. So, everyone’s economic worth is determined by the accumulation of land, wealth, money, dress, jewellery, household items, fame and the value they gain. The didactic books are full of useful methods for extracting the meaning that contains information about foods, lifestyle, culture and customs of the people. Hence, the article plans to examine the industries that support the lives of the people, the goods produced by them and the materially modified family environments and their diet.
Keywords: Folksong, Tamil Eelam, Oral literature, Natural resources, Social group.
39. தமிழ் நாடகங்களில் சமூகப் பிரதிபலிப்புக்கள்
முனைவர் சே. மேரி
Social Reflections in Tamil Dramas
Dr. J. Mary
Abstract
Dramas convey positive messages or messages that create change in the people by presenting them with wit. Dramatic literature is a form of literature that allows people to see, enjoy, be inspired and reflect upon society and critically analyse it. In this manner, plays that create a concern for society and for the welfare of society are called social dramas. The novels, such as 1. Vizhippin vazil, 2. Kariyaith Thattiya Padagu, 3. Oru Kal Knaiyagirathu, 4. Mezhuguvaththigal, 5. Kurudhiyil Pootha Malar is considered a good social play. Through these plays, one can understand the portrayal of society. Whereas the world is moving ahead to the point where scientific and technological advancements develop, it allows all to access information at their fingertips and rational change is also needed for a society by the plays. When a society undergoes a beneficial transformation, all walks of life will be considered as a developed society. By keeping all of this in mind, the writers have celebrated positive aspects of society with a modern perspective in the plays. They address the vulnerable areas that need improvement by pointing out the necessary changes in the plays. Thus, this research paper deciphers the need for transformation in areas such as education, caste, religion, elections and media as conveyed by the writers through their plays.
Keywords: Media, Education, Social Reflections, Change, Tamil Drama.
40. இந்து தமிழ் திசை நாளிதழ் வலியுறுத்தும் இதய நலம்
தா. மேரி மார்டீனா / முனைவர் டே. வில்சன்
Heart Health Emphasized by the Hindu Tamil Thisai Daily Newspaper
D. Mary Marteena / Dr. D. Wilson
Abstract
From the time of the early humans, they had various experiences to identify which foods were safe to eat. They also studied on the foods that were healthy for the health. At the times when humans lived by hunting, diseases were rare. However, at the beginning of agriculture and settled life, people started living in groups which increased the chances of infectious diseases. When people fell ill, they believed that diseases were caused by the anger of gods, evil spirits, or magical powers. Later, it was discovered that diseases are caused by germs. Thus, medicine evolved into both an art and a science to cure diseases. In the modern life of rapid development, there has been increase in diseases. As a result, organizations such as the World Health Organization promotes vaccination programs and public health systems. Heart is a vital organ and is essential for human life. Nowadays, heart related diseases are enormous. In a society, one of the most important developments in human society is communication. Newspapers play a significant role. The Tamil daily newspaper Hindu Tamil Thisai holds an important place in the growth of Tamil journalism. It publishes useful information for the public. In the special section “Nalam Vaazha,” it discusses various heart-related diseases such as loss of heart function, thickening of the heart muscle, inflammation of the heart lining, heart failure, and holes in the heart. It highlights that the heart is the first organ to form in the mother’s womb and begins functioning on the 22nd day. The daily had published a special article titled “Protect the Heart” that explains the real causes of heart diseases, diagnosis and treatment. Hence, this article examines such ideas from the daily newspaper.
Keywords: Hindu Tamil Thisai, Tamil Journalism, Heart Diseases, Treatment, Articles.
41. பிரபஞ்சன் சிறுகதைகளில் விழுமியங்கள்
மா. யுவஸ்ரீ / முனைவர் ஆ. இராஜாத்தி
Values in Prabanjan’s Short Stories
M. Yuvasri / Dr. A. Rajathi
Abstract
In the modern times of Tamil literature, the Tamil writer Prabanjan stands as a significant contributor of scholarly output. His short stories reflect the realities of life with insightful ideas that are shaped by the social consciousness and the emotional context of the times. Moral values and ethical ideals occupy an important place in his works. However, these values do not appear as traditional moral instructions. Instead, they emerge steadily through the truths of life. Prabanjan’s short stories are full of such morals and they are conveyed by him in the stories for the social good. It had great impact on the readers at the times of the writer. Hence, this article explores how Prabanjan portrays various forms of moral values such as explanatory or interpretive values, social values, feminist values, life-values and humanistic values in his short stories.
Keywords: Humanity, Values, Prabanjan, Life, Short stories, ethics, and society.
42. தேவிபாரதியின் நாவல்களில் இலக்கிய உத்திகள்
ஆ. ராஜலெட்சுமி / முனைவர் ஜெ. அருள் இருதய ஜெயந்தி
Literary Techniques in Devibharathi’s Novels
A. Rajalakshmi / Dr. J. Arul Irudaya Jeyanthi
Abstract
In the world of literature, techniques emerge and develop according to the personality and ingenuity of the writers. This study presents the information obtained from the interview with Devi Bharathi on 06.11.2025 regarding the strategies (Utthi) of the novels and the information gathered through field research on the novels with the evidences on how the scholars like Solai Mahadevan, A. Singaravelu, S.Arangarasu, and S. V. Subramanian gave meaning to the term Utthi, The article points out the elements of strategy used in the literary texts. This article makes it clear that the strategies the author used according to the ideas he is expressing in the story lines that convey those ideas he has perfected by own creation. This article reveals that Devi Bharathi used various techniques in the novels. The techniques used by the author are mythological technique, colloquial technique, proverb technique, parable technique, long story strategy. The article discusses the content provided by the story that is corresponding to the strategies. By interviewing the author Devi Bharathi and her novels, one can able to gain knowledge on the strategies and the people's opinions that were obtained while talking to the people. The distinction of pragmatic techniques and the natural techniques of the villagers are explained in this article.
Keywords: Tamil Literature, Literary Technique, Novels, Devi Bharathi.
43. கம்பனின் அரசியல் குறிக்கோள்
தீ. சி. கே. இராஜசேகர் / முனைவர் சிவ. ஆதிரை
Political Objectives of Kamban
D. S. K. Rajasekhar / Dr. Siva. Adhirai
Abstract
Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata were written in Tamil by Kambar and Villiputhur Azhwar. For the development of a nation, it is essential to function under a leadership that is the government. The functioning of the government constitutes politics. The term ‘politics’ is derived from the Greek word ‘polis’, which later evolved into ‘politics.’ The government leads the country and it has the responsibility to defend and care for its people. This is a universal principle of both governance and politics. In ancient times, monarchies existed all over the world. Later, they evolved into democracies where rulers are elected by the people. If power remains in the hands of a single individual, it is an autocratic rule. The aim of governance should benefit the welfare of the people by ensuring a moral administration where people live blissfully. The state includes the people, army, ministers, economy, alliances and righteousness. These ideas are explained in the “Arthashastra” and “Tirukkural.” Tamil works such as “Purananooru” emphasize the best governance follows righteousness. In such works, the king is often described as the soul and the people as the body. Yet, Kambar reverses this idea and considers the people as the soul and the king as the body. This reflects Kamban’s political vision that governance should give more importance to the welfare of the people and be righteous. Through the teachings of Vasishta and Rama on political ethics, Kambar’s political ideals are clear and portray the welfare of the people, governance with justice, and the happiness of the citizens. As personal morality is essential for individuals, it is also essential for the ruler. The king must govern with discipline and righteousness. Therefore, Kamban’s political objective is a moral rule oriented on the well-being of the people.
Keywords: Kamban, Politics, Raman, Righteousness, Welfare, Nation.
44. பரிபாடலில் வானியல் முறையும் தொகைநிலைத் தொடரும்
சு. ராஜஸ்ரீ / முனைவர் ஆ. ஆன்றோ பீற்றர் / முனைவர் நா. அய்யப்பன்
Astronomical Method and the Totality Sequence in the Discourse
S. Rajasree / Dr. A. Anto Peter / Dr. N. Ayyappan
Abstract
Astronomy is the study of the stars and the movements of planets. If one looks at the movements of the planets, one can see that they travel in an eastern direction and then reverse, moving in a western direction, and then return to the eastern direction. The Sun and other planets revolve around the Earth in a spherical orbit. The progress of astronomy was due to the invention of the telescope. This is easy to understand changes in the weather at the current time. Nowadays, science has advanced to the point where spacewalk is possible. Sunita Williams has set a record by walking in space for about 62 hours and 6 minutes on the International Space Station. She holds the merit of being the first woman to complete a spacewalk in space. All of them make us understand the importance of science. This study aids to learn about the astronomical system and the grammatical techniques. This also allows you to learn about the scientific methods of astronomy. Also, for those who dismiss grammar as a difficult subject, it is useful to learn and is very simple. In early times, Tamils used astronomy to determine time and also learned how to divide time into six components. They gave various names to the planets in the sky. They tried to classify and study them and discovered the movements of the sky, the changes of day and night and their appearance. During that period, people had great faith in astrologers and used them to engage in astronomical research. Various books were also written on astronomical research. One of them was Tolkappiyam. They also engaged in various research, such as the movements of the planets, the direction and speed of the wind, and the classification of the zodiac signs. Through it, they try to know the powers of the creatures living in the world and also know the needs of the people. The reason for all of this was the ancient knowledge discovered by the Tamils. Ancient evidences have been found to affirm that the Tamil people discovered scientific truths. That is why the people of this world are seen to be very happy.
Keywords: Astronomical System, Periods, Planetary Calculations, Origin, Living Things.
45. தொல்காப்பியம் காட்டும் வாழ்க்கை முறைகள்
முனைவா் இரா. வனிதாமணி
The Existence of Life in Tolkappiyam
Dr. R. Vanithamani
Abstract
It is an undeniable fact that a mother is important for all, one's mother tongue is also of high esteem. In this view, Tholkappiam is the oldest Tamil grammar book available today. Many languages in the world have their own grammar but Tholkappiam is peculiar and gives the rational ideas on Tamil language and takes it to the highest form of glory. It is an old book that explains the culture, literature and excellence of the Tamil civilisation. Even today, many people still refer Tholkappiam for its classic nature. Even if it is a grammar book, it is not only for written for the norms of writing and speech. It also explains the source of Tamil culture and heritage. Tholkappiar as an astute author recorded the internal (Agam) and external (Puram) lives of the people of his time. He depicted their lifestyle and presented them through his writing. Indeed, ancient history is often found in inscriptions, copper plates, pottery and coins. Tholkappiam is a literary treasure that helps us know the history of the Tamils culture and heritage. It is considered the first complete book on grammar and life ethics and glorified as a valuable interpretation of the ancient Tamil language. It helps to understand the infinite history and civilisation of our ancestors. Nevertheless, this study aims to examine the different types of lifestyle as evinced in Tholkappiam..
Keywords: Tholkappiam, Life, Society, Noble Truths, Tamil Customs.
46. கருப்பாயி என்கிற நூர்ஜஹான் நாவலில் பாதை வேறு பயணம் ஒன்றே
முனைவர் அ. ஜனார்த்தலி பேகம்
Different Path Same Journey in the Novel Karuppaye Enkira NoorJahan
Dr. A. Janarthali Begam
Abstract
The role of novels in the history of Tamil literature is very important. Though various types of novels have flourished today, the reason for the novels dealing with the plight of Dalits continue to be written. Despite the changing times and settings, the suffering of the Dalit people persists even today in a worse manner. The people who were born in the privileged caste and religion consider themselves superior and entitled to power and enslave and torment the Dalit people. When the Dalit people who suffer enormous oppression and suppression they convert themselves to Islam to escape this oppression. Rather liberating them from chaos, it led them to greater suffering. The Tamil novel “Karuppaye Enkira NoorJahan” is a best example for the portrayal of such instances. It narrates the tragic experiences of Dalit people who converted to Islam. Therefore, the objective of this article is to demonstrate the tragic plight of Dalit people who converted to Islam that are depicted in the novel “Karuppaye Enkira NoorJahan.
Keywords: Tamil Novel, Karuppaye Enkira NoorJahan, Dalit, Tragedy, Experiences.
47. முத்தொள்ளாயிரத்தில் தொல்காப்பிய வண்ணக் கோட்பாடு
ஆ. பி. ஜெபென்ஸி / முனைவர் கு. ச. ஜெயஸ்ரீ
Tholkappiya Concept of Vannam in Mutthollayiram
A. P. Jabency / Dr. K. S. Jaya Shree
Abstract
Early humans lived in groups. They shared their feelings using signs and gestures. Later, they created language to express their thoughts. Language is a communication tool. It connects people with the society. Then, literature emerged to express social feelings through language. Finally, grammar was formed to standardise literature and folk customs. Tholkappiam elicits grammar rules for spoken and poetic language. Tholkappiam is the oldest Tamil grammar text. It is an outstanding grammar book. It provides grammatical rules for past and contemporary literature. Many literary books appeared and vanished over time. However, Tholkappiam endured. It guides all the later grammar books. One can find the antiqueness of a language by studying its grammar. Grammar acts as common medium that can unite people who speak of various dialects. There are various grammar books written in Tamil since the era of Tholkappiar. Tholkappiam features of three grammar sections. They are Ezhuthu (Alphabet), Sol (Word), and Porul (Meaning). Seyyuliyal is a prosody section within the subject matter of Tholkappiam. Tholkappiam evinces thirty-four poetic elements in the first rule of Seyyuliyal. These elements form an integrated poetic theory in a clear approach. The twenty-sixth element in it is called Vannam. It has certain peculiar aspects and found in the work “Mutthollayiram” Hence, this research study probes on the concept and evidences of Vanna Theory in “Mutthollayiram.
Keywords: Tholkappiam, Seyyuliyal, Vannam, Mutthollayiram.