1. தமிழ்ச்சமூகத்தின் வாழ்வியல் பண்புகள்

பொ. அகத்திய பாலா / முனைவர் க. சரவணன்

Uniqueness of Life in Tamil society

P. Agathiyabala / Dr. K. Saravanan

Abstract

Tamil is one of the oldest languages in the world. It has sustained time through its rich literary and grammatical traditions. Among the vast assortment of literature, Sangam literature stands out as a notable contribution to the Tamil people’s cultural inheritance. A major portion of the Sangam literature is composed of dynamic poetic collections authored by different poets from different time periods and has been sometimes separated by centuries. These poets reflected the realities of the Tamil society through the Sangam verses and made them timeless insights that portray the Tamil culture and life. The compilation of these poems dates back more than 2,500 years. Hence, the origins of Tamil society trace back many thousands of years. Therefore, the research being done and going on in the archaeological sites like Adichanallur, Arikkamedu, Keeladi and more can be mentioned as examples of Tamil civilisation. In particular, the Keezhadi excavations show archaeological research that has transformed the culture of the Tamils into the Vaigai Coast civilisation. It is a fact that Tamil culture and heritage are not only in India but also seen in many countries all over the world. The Tamil civilisation has been found in many parts of ancient Bharat. These glimpses have changed the view of the world about the Sangam period. It is considered the golden literature and has become great evidence of the life of the Tamils. Hence, these elements are examined in this article through the Sangam works.

Keywords: Unique, Tamil Culture, Heritage, Tamil Society.

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2. எட்டுத்தொகையில் வெறியாட்டுப் பண்பாடும் மரபின் நீட்சியும்

மை. அப்துல் ஹாதி / முனைவர் பா. தமிழரசி

Veriyattu Culture and the Continuity of Tradition in the Ettuthokai

M. Abdul Hadhi / Dr. P. Thamilarasi

Abstract

Sangam literature depicts the ancient life and culture of the Tamil people. In Sangam literature, the Agam literature contains various cultural proportions depending on the landscapes. During the Sangam time when the chieftain (Thalaivan) was engaging a battle, the beloved (Thalaivi) would become weak due to grief of separation because she could not see her lover. On seeing the difference in the beloved’s body, the beloved’s friend (Thozhi), calls the Velan (Murugan) temple priest to cure the cause of the beloved’s illness. Velan would worship Lord Murugan and says that the beloved’s illness would be cured soon after his aggressive-devotional dance. In Sangam literature, the ritual of Veriyattu took place in all the places where Lord Murugan was worshipped. There are many records of Veriyattu widely found in Ettuthokai (eight volumes). Hence, this article is a study of the Veriyattu culture of the ancient Tamils and the continuity of traditional rituals as found in the eight volumes.

Keywords: Tamil Culture, Sangam Literature, Ettuthokai, Murugan, Veriyattu, Veriyaadal, Velan Veriyaatu.

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3. பதினோராம் திருமுறையில் பாடப்பெற்ற உலா நூல்கள்

மு. அரிஹரன் / முனைவர் பா. ஜெயமேரி

The Ula Books Sung in the Eleventh Thirumurai

M. Ariharan / Dr. P. Jayamary

Abstract

The twelve Thirumuraikals are considered the most important ones in Tamil Bhakthi literature. Like the Sangam literature, the Thirumuraikals are considered as main texts in Tamil. During the Bhakti literature period, there was a devotional revival and the news about the Thevaram and Thirumurai is now praised and recited by the people. Literature develops according to each period. Following the Bhakti literature period, the development of Tamil Minor literary forms (sitrilakkkiyam) prevailed during the Nayaka period. Although the Bhakti literature period and the Minor literary form period are different, the seeds of Minor literary forms can be found in the Sangam period. For example, the Sangam literary genres such as Atrupada belong to the Minor literary form. By following this, many Minor literary forms such as Andathi, Ula, Pallu, Kalampakam, Kovai, Nanmani, etc. continued to evolve. The influence of Minor literary forms is not only found in Sangam literature but also seen in the Epics (Kappiya literature) and in the Thevaram and Thirumurai (devotional literature). The 40 books in the eleventh Thirumurai consist of the essence of Minor literary forms. The 40 books included in this Thirumurai consist of 21 types of Minor literary forms. So, the eleventh Thirumurai is also known as “Prabandha Thiratu”. The Minor literary form Ula is the most prominent among them because of the “Thirukailaya Gnana Ula”. The glory of Siva Peruman has been sung by Cheraman Perumal Nayanar. Aaludayapillaiyar Thiru Ula Malai was sung by Nambaiyandar Nambi and it is also about the legend of Thirugnanasambandar. In these Ula books, the glories of God, the glories of Gnana Sambandar, the scenic descriptions of the Ula and the seven types of women are described. This article studies the select Ula Books in the Eleventh Thirunmurai.

Keywords: Ula, Eleventh Thirumurai, Lord Shiva, Cheraman Perumal Nayanar, Nambiandar Nambi.

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4. கவிப்பித்தன் நாவல்களில் விளிம்புநிலை மக்களின் வாழ்வியல்

ச. அறிவழகன் / முனைவர் இயே. பெர்க்மான்ஸ்

Lives of the Marginalised People in the Novels of Kavipithan

S. Arivazhagan / Dr. Y. Burgmonds

Abstract

Marginalised people are those who are ignored by the conventional society. They are affected by unequal power relations in social, economic, political and cultural dimensions. Generally, they are ignored by others due to prejudices related to ethnicity, race, religion or caste. They struggle a lot due to these oppressions, and how much they struggle cannot be explained in words. The role of education and economic development in their lives can be revealed through the lives of the marginalised people, their jobs, difficulties and caste discrimination. The conditions of marginalised women, the poverty of workers are worse than those. The tyranny of the authorities over the workers is very cruel and inhumane. In Tamil literature, the modern novels portray the miserable lives of the marginalised people. The Tamil writer Kavipithan writes about the lives of the marginalised people. He portrays the miserable lives of the cremation workers, labourers and the atrocities of the rich people in his novels. Hence, this paper studies the marginal themes as found in his novels.

Keywords: Marginalized Areas, Livelihood, Struggles of Marginalized, Kavipitthan.

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5. காப்பியங்களில் அரண்மனை

அ. அறிவுக்கொடி / முனைவர் கு. சந்திரசேகரன்

Palace in the Epics

A. Arivukodi / Dr. G. Chandrasekaran

Abstract

Food, attire and shelter are very important primary needs of man's basic needs. The man lived in caves and in forests before civilisation and then stayed on the river banks and set up a permanent shelter for them. The building was built by the nomadic man to defend himself from danger. So, the early man who lived naturally with nature set up his habitat around the natural resources. By sensing the destruction of natural disasters, man began to construct buildings to defend himself. It later developed into house, palace and the temples. Then, a gradual development of culture happened through the rituals of the culture. There are many records about houses, forts, palaces and fortunes, etc. found in the Tamil Epics. This article aims to offer insights into the structures of the houses of various peoples, including the Kurinji Nilakuravas (Kuravar People), the Mullai Nilathu Aayars (Aayar People), the Maruthi Nilathu Uzhavas (Ulavar people), the Neythal Nilathu Parathvars (Parathavar People), the Palai Nilathu Einars (Einiar people), the Pattina Mandars (Town People), and the Brahmins, as well as the palaces, forts, and fortresses where the kings lived through the records found in Tamil epics.

Keywords: Epics, Palace, Fort, Tamil Literature, Tamil Culture.

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6. எட்டுத்தொகை நூல்களின் உணவுப் பயன்பாடும் இயற்கை உணவின் பாரம்பரியமும்

ர. ஆர்த்தி / முனைவர் ம. கீதா

The Use of Food in the Ettuthokai Literature and the Tradition of Natural Food

R. Aarthi / Dr. M. Geetha

Abstract

Food is one of the basic needs of human life. “Food is medicine” is an ancient proverb in Tamil culture. The food serves as the basis for physical health, intelligence and well-being. In ancient times of the Sangam period, the Tamils lived a harmonious life with nature. The Tamil tradition of food culture is deeply connected to well-being and protected the environment and life. In due course, our ancient valuable traditional food practices have been abandoned and there is an increase in the consumption of modern foods such as processed foods. In this situation, the significance of natural foods has to be studied. As a result of avoiding nature friendly foods, unknows diseases and health issues have been in scene and affect people severely. Therefore, it is necessary to revive and re-establish the traditional practices of natural food. At this point, it is important to explore the view on natural foods and their benefits as used to be taken in ancient Tamil Society. The importance given to food in Tamil tradition is reflected in various forms in Sangam literature. Among the works, “Ettuthogai” is a particular work. The food habits mentioned in this work shows the use of natural food. Here, they are analyzed under the title “The Use of Food and the Heritage of Natural Foods in the Ettuthokai.” This article explores the meaning of the term food in general, its importance, natural foods, food culture associated with the five landscapes (Ainthinai), the use of ghee, honey, small grains, etc. Finally, the article winds up with a conclusion with references.

Keywords: Use, Food, Ettuthokai, Tamil Tradition, Natural Food, Health.

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7. நீவாடு புதினத்தை முன்வைத்து நெய்தல் நில மக்களின் வாழ்வும் வலியும்

த. இரமேஷ் / முனைவர் பா. தமிழரசி

The Life and Pain of the Neithal People as presented in the Novel Neevadu

D. Ramesh / Dr. P. Thamilarasi

Abstract

Every Tamil society has unique lifestyle in their life. The histories of many communities have been marginalised. There is little evidence cited for the existence of a unified ancient Tamil society. So, many marginalized communities have been as mere remnants of the past. The history of the ancient Tamil coastal people, (Neithal) is a prime example. For a long time, their story was not written in literal records. Now, their history is recorded in different spaces of life. It is being preserved in Tamil art and literature. The contemporary records allow us to compare it with the past. This process reconstructs the lost history of the Parathavar community of Tamil Nadu. Often, one social group holds certain judgments about another group. There are also pre-conceived evaluations about the Neithal community of Kanyakumari district. The novel “Neewadu” has shattered all these rigid judgments. It breaks down the assessment that other societies had created and held about them. This article is written with a specific aim to define them. Its main idea of the study is to decode the turbulent life of the Neithal people. It explores their constant struggle of the Neithal people with the sea. This struggle is a central part of their existence. Hence, the article will study the sorrows they have endured for life. It also examines the joys and happiness they had in their lives. Moreover, it analyses the unique cultural elements of these coastal people. It will help to understand their life from their own perspective and shows their traditions and culture.

Keywords: Neevaadu, Selukedu, Coastal people, Rituals, Kurumpanai.

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8. செவ்வியல் இலக்கியம் – சிலப்பதிகாரத்தில் சமூக அறம்

மு. உமாமகேஸ்வரி / முனைவர் வே. அ. பழனியப்பன்

Classical Literature - Social Virtue in Silappathikaram

M. Umamaheswari / Dr. V. A. Palaniappan

Abstract

Among the great epics of the world, Silappathikaram holds a unique place for it by portraying the ancient Tamil culture. The ancient Tamils desired to keep up righteousness (Aram) in their lives. They considered virtue as the highest value in life. The Brahmins lived by practising and upholding moral conduct in their lives. The kings ruled with justice by protecting righteousness by maintaining fairness in their governance. Sangam women regarded chastity as a virtue and honoured it in life. The Sangam literature has always praised the greatness of chastity. Women believed that it is their duty to preserve moral virtue in their lives. They valued wisdom even more than bravery. Among Aram (virtue), Porul (wealth), and Inbam (pleasure), Sangam literature emphasises Aram as the foremost one to keep in an individual’s life. People lived prosperously by shaping their lives according to the principles of moral texts that have come across in theior life. Ancient Tamils believed that there was a connection between virtue and rainfall. Moral observances were followed continuously through generations to get good omens. In both speech and action, virtue was held in high regard. When one sees from the present times towards the age of the epics, one can see that those times had a refined and distinguished moral and social life. Hence, this research article discusses on the social virtues found in Silappathikaram.

Keywords: Tamil People, Social Virtue, Culture, Ckassical Literature, Silappathikaram.

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9. மூவர் தேவாரத்தில் இறைவனின் வடிவங்கள்

க. நா. உமையாள் / முனைவர் இரா. இளவரசி

The Forms of God in the Thevarams of the Trio

K. N. Umayal / Dr. R. Elavarasi

Abstract

The Supreme Lord Shiva is believed to have manifested in various divine forms to sustain, protect and purify all living beings. These holy manifestations are categorised into three principal types. They are Sharira Murtham (forms of the body), Suddha Murtham (forms of purity) and Artha Murtham (symbolic forms). Each form signifies a particular divine function and its purpose in the cosmic order. The Sharira Murthams (corporeal form), are Umamaheswara Murtham, Chandikeswara Murtham, Itaparudra Murtham and Somaskanda Murtham. They depict Lord Shiva in his divine union with Goddess Parvati and in benevolent postures that represent the process of creation and preservation. In these forms, the Lord grants life, protectio, and prosperity to all beings and symbolises the nurturing aspect of divinity. The second category comprises forms like Dakshinamurthy and Sukhasana Murtham and portrays the fierce manifestations such as Gangadhara and Veerabhadra Murthams. These represent the purifying power of Lord Shiva and show the destruction of ignorance, sin and impurity. In these forms, the Lord appears as the eternal teacher and guides the souls towards spiritual enlightenment and liberation. Traditionally, the Lord’s manifestations are described as sixty-four. It tells about HIS divine functions such as creation, preservation, destruction and grace. These sixty-four forms are collectively summarised into twenty-five essential types that embody the specific aspect of the divine nature of Lord Shiva. So, this article explores these twenty-five manifestations of Lord Shiva in detail and reveals how the three major deities Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva maneuver through these forms to maintain the moral and cosmic balance of the universe.”

Keywords: Tamil Culture, God, Shiva, Thevaram, Three Forms, Saiva Trio.

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10. கிறித்தவ நாவல்களில் கம்யூனிசம்

டே. எட்வின் சார்லஸ் / முனைவர் தே. வினோத் ஐசக் பீட்டர்

Communism in the Christian Novels

D. Edwin Charles / Dr. D. Vinoth Isaac Peter

Abstract

Due to the Industrial Revolution in the late Eighteenth and early Nineteenth centuries, many changes occurred in human thought and have been reflected in many areas of life. One of them was the change in the mode of thought in literature. Literature was in the form of poetry at the beginning and later changed into prose. The intellectual revolution brought about by Ingersoll and Bradlaugh laid the foundation for literary criticism in the West. In this milieu, Mayuram Vedanayagam Pillai wrote a novel called Pratapa Mudaliar Charithram. By following it, many other novels such as Kamalamba Charithram and Padmavati Charithram emerged in Tamil literature. This form was written for entertainment and later developed to the point of being subject to criticism and research. Researches are done to study the themes found in the Tamil fiction. One of the major themes and approaches used is communism. Communism is known as a concept related to labour and labour rights. It was slowly introduced by the novelists and short story writers in their works. The ideology of communism was recorded in their works by novelists from the perspective of obtaining rights in a radical and moral way. The moral way in the Tamil literature that focuses is the Gandhian way. Since the Christian way and the Gandhian way go altogether, this ideology is called Christian communism. In this perspective, the novel “Vathiyar” written by the great Christian writer and poet R.S. Jacob and the novel “Keeralgal” written by Professor Isaac Arumairajan are taken up for study.

Keywords: Christianity, Communism, Struggle, Novel, Principle.

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11. பழங்குடிகளும் தனித்துவமும்

இரா. கலைவாணி / முனைவர் இரா. சதாசிவம்

Unikness of the Tribes

R. Kalaivani / Dr. R. Sathasivam

Abstract

The Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu is an abode to numerous ancient tribal communities such as the Toda, Patagar, Kotha and Paliyar tribes. Each of these tribes has their unique lifestyle, customs and cultural identity. They reflect their deep connection with nature and tradition. The Toda tribe is often associated with the Brahmin caste due to their vegetarian diet and is known for their distinctive dress codes. They wear a handwoven shawl called Bhootukuli. Their life is associated with the rearing of buffaloes and holds great religious and economic significance in their community. The Patagar tribe is noted for its intricate death rituals and ancestral worship. The Manavalai festival is celebrated once in a few years and honours their ancestors through music, dance and special offerings to show their deep respect for ancestry and memory. The Kotha tribe is recognised for their expertise in doing agriculture. Their identity is closely tied to the farming occupation and symbolise their skill and connection to the land. The Paliyar tribe is known for their artistry in rock painting and their traditional skill in honey collection from big trees and cliffs. Hence, this article seeks to do a study on the unique cultural practices, traditions and lifestyles of these four remarkable tribal groups through proper evidences.

Keywords: Uniqueness, Characteristics, Four Tribal Groups, Nilgiris District.

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12. அஷ்டப்பிரபந்தத்தில் பரத்துவம்

சா. கஸ்தூரி / முனைவர் ஆ. முருகானந்தம்

The Concept of Supreme Abode in Ashtaprabhandam

S. Kasthuri / Dr. A. Muruganandham

Abstract

Minor Literature (Citrilakkiyam) contains of a peculiar types of literary genre with songs in low numbers. It is a work that projects any one of the four virtues such as charity, material, pleasure and Moksha as per the Tamil culture. Minor Literature is of 96 types. One of these 96 types is called as ‘Anthadhi’. The study takes up the anthology “Ashtaprabandam”, compiled by Pillai Perumaliyengar. It comprises of eight books such as Thiruvarangak Kalambakam, Thiruvarangathu Malai, Thiruvarangathanthathi, Sreerenga Nayagar Oosal Thirunamam, Thiruvenkata Malai, Thiruvenkadattanthathi, Alagar Andathi, Nootriettu Tirupati Anthathi. Thirumal who is the considered as the supreme God in Vaishnava religion have five Thirumenis. A number of Pasuras have been composed on the five Tirumenis by the most devoted Alvars. Pillai Perumaliyengar praises the supreme Thirumal’s five Thirumenis like the Alvars by his enchanting hymns. This article elaborates on the life of Pillai Perumaliyengar and the special qualities of Thirumal's holiest Thirumenis that evince Parathatva.

Keywords: Pillai Perumaliyengar, Ashtaprabandam, Supreme Abode, Andhathi, Thirumeni.

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13. குறவர் இன மக்களின் வாழ்க்கை முறைகள்

ம. கஸ்தூரி / முனைவர் அ. கலீல் ரெஹ்மான்

The Life Style of the Kuravar People

M. Kasthuri / Dr. A. Kaleel Rahuman

Abstract

The world has been assorted various castes and religions. One can observe the existence of two broad classes such as the high and the low through our literary works and social practices. Such hierarchies have remained for the most part static and rigid over time. In Tamil Literature, the lives of the Kuravar people have been recorded from the Sangam period. They lived simple a life. The Sangam literature provides a clear idea of their occupations, daily practices and social customs. It raises questions about the continuity of these traditions in the present day and the present existence of it. The society is composed of different communities and encompasses the multiple layers of social hierarchy. These hierarchies are evident across a variety of dimensions such as economy, education, and employment opportunities. The Kuravar people have no any significant personal property and led nomadic lives with struggle for their survival. Sangam literature offers detailed accounts of their existence, their social roles and their traditional occupations. It will give the lifestyle of the Kurava Community people in a clear manner. Hence, the objective of this article is to examine how the lives of the Kuravar people are depicted in Sangam texts. It also analyses the social, economic and cultural proportions of the people reflected in these Sangam works.

Keywords: Sangam Literature, Kuravar People, Lifestyle, Occupations, Customs.

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14. யசோதர காவியத்தில் தமிழ் விருத்தப் பா வடிவ மரபு

முதுமுனைவர் மு. கஸ்தூரி

Prosody of Yasothara Kaviyam

Dr. M. Kasthuri

Abstract

The forms of Tamil prosody have evolved according to the content and purpose of the compositions. The primary metrical forms in Tamil such as Aciriyappa, Venpa, Kalippa, and Vanchippa are very prominent during the Sangam period. Aciriyappa and Kalippa are being especially influential at those times. Venpa became significant in the later Sangam period and was also suitable for conveying moral teachings. Aciriyam was the ideal form for epics in the early period. These epics incorporated elements of musical rendering and the use of viruttam in later literature. It demonstrates the long-term importance of its use. Until the nineteenth century, the literary works in Tamil employed Ceyyul forms. So, identifying these types of Ceyyul forms and showing how their structures adapted over time according to the content is essential for the study of prosody in “Yasodhara Kaviyam”. While doing research, the metrical and semantic aspects are very important to consider in this aspect. The Tamil literary tradition shows that changes in content were accompanied by corresponding changes in the form. So, the literary genres always use specific prosodic forms. For example, the literary forms such as Thoothu, Madal and Ula are composed in Kalivenpa form. In Tamil literature, Pillaitamil often uses Rattai Aciriya Viruttam and the Parani genre is set in Thazhci metre. Hence, the historical role of Viruttam as a metrical form is suitable for epic narration and it can be understood through a prosodic study. In this perspective, the present study examines the prosody of the Yasodhara Kaviyam and demonstrates the influence of Viruttam in epic compositions.”

Keywords: Tamil, Prosody, Yasodara Kaviyam, Virutham, Virthappaviyal.

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15. குடவாசல் வட்டார நாட்டுப்புற மருத்துவம்

க. கார்த்திகா / முனைவர் ப. செந்தில்குமாரி

Folk Medicine of the Kudavasal Taluk

K. Karthika / Dr. P. Senthilkumari

Abstract

The word disease refers to suffering. Since the time of man's evolution, many efforts have been made to overcome disease. Spinach is one of the varieties of green leaves we cook and eat. Many leaves cannot be cooked and they are not edible. Our Indian medical systems, such as Ayurveda, Siddha and Folk Herbal Medicine are great. However, to this day, there is a wonderful solution to complex diseases that have not been able to be cured by alternative medical systems. The botanists and medical scientists around the world have studied Indian herbs and plants and announced their chemicals and applications. The results of the study are not contrary to the opinion of our ancestors. This article provides natural remedies and preventive methods for several common diseases through the traditional folk medical practices of the Kudavasal region. It includes effective treatments for hair loss, simple home remedies for persistent joint pain and natural methods to improve eyesight. It also discusses the causes and cures of body pain and preventive measures to stop phlegm increase, and solutions for ulcers. So, the article highlights the benefits of home remedies to naturally reduce fever, breast lumps, and jasmine flower essence for infertility and pregnancy disorders. It suggests herbal toothpaste to strengthen loose teeth, simple medicine for piles, remedies for trembling disorders and gives ways to heal heel pain at home. Furthermore, it provides methods to increase body weight naturally and treatment for diabetes in a natural way. The medicinal benefits of turmeric, vitality-boosting properties of coconut, advantages of using salt and cures for lung diseases. Nevertheless, the purpose of this article is to render the findings of the field study with the elderly people in the Kudavasal Taluk to know about the folk herbal medicine.

Keywords: Tamil Nadu, Tamil Culture, Folk Medicine, Kudavasal Taluk, Medical Benefits.

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16. அறிவியல் நோக்கில் பரதவர்கள்

வே. கார்த்தீபா / முனைவர் ப. பெண்ணரசி

Parathavars from a Scientific Perspective

V. Kartheeba / Dr. P. Pennarasi

Abstract

Literature is one of the greatest intellectual resources developed by humans. In each period, it has emerged with different sorts of inputs. Apart from the writer’s ideas, the social conditions of that time played a vital role in the creation of the art. The thoughts on the people of Neithal can be seen through their lives. Nowadays, telescopes and satellites are used to study the distant Stars, Planets, our Earth, Sun and Moon. Modern technological developments render great help. But in the past, the people of Neithal without any tech gadgets and support knew about the stars and planets and became excellent mariners of the sea. Indeed, the life of the ancient Tamil people was closely connected with nature. The Tamils adapted their lives to coexist with nature. So, they classified their lands into five landscapes (thinai) and four regions. Among the main types of land, the Neithal region refers to the coastal area and the sea. The ancient people who lived in this region were known as the Parathavar and their occupation was fishing. On living by the seashore, the Parathavars acquire maritime knowledge from their young age. They learned different skills such as launching boats, weaving nets, net throwing, fishing in the mid sea, drying fish, building rafts, producing salt, and understanding the changes of weather. These practices reveal the deep connection between their livelihood and the sea. Hence, the article interprets the life and occupation of the Parathavar from a scientific perspective.

Keywords: Sangam Literature, Fisherman, Scientific Thought, Parathavar.

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17. வீரயுகநாயகன் வேள்பாரி புதினத்தில் சுட்டப்பெறும் சித்த மருத்துவப் பேரகராதி சாம்பசிவம் பிள்ளையின் கற்பகமூலிகைகள்

ர. கிருஷ்ணவேணி / முனைவர் சா. சுதா

Sambasivam Pillai’s Karpaga Mooligais in the Siddha Medical Lexicon as mentioned in the Novel Veera Yuga Nayagan Velpari

R. Krishnaveni / Dr. S. Sudha

Abstract

The king Pari has a unique place in the Sangam literature. He is the one who gave his golden chariot to a Mullai creeper to spread itself. In the passage of time, his name still comes to mind when the word Mullai is uttered. The modern Tamil author S.Venkatesan has written a novel on the life of Pari entitled “Veera Yuga Nayagan Velpari”. In this novel, the settings and the flora and fauna mentioned by the writer are not imaginary but it is evidence of valuable records of herbs, birds and animals. Even the scenery of Parambu Mountain is not imaginary. One can learn about the chieftains and kings mentioned in the Sangam literature and the countries they conquered through the literary references. This evidence is indispensable to converse on the history of the ancient Tamils. Velpari's Parambumalai is still a miracle and it is a reason that Velpari was considered an invincible leader even if all three kings came together to defeat him. Many literary records explain that the mountain he lived on was safe bastion for him. S.Venkatesan has portrayed the life of Velpari in the novel “Veera Yuga Nayagan Velpari” and mentions rare herbs and animals of Parambumalai. These are the interesting areas for the readers of the novel. The information on rare herbs in “Veera Yuga Nayagan Velpari” has been investigated by using Siddha Medicinal Encyclopedia by author Sambasivam Pillai as the primary source.

Keywords: Sambasivam Pillai, Karpaga Mooligai, Siddha Medical Lexicon, Novel, Veerayuganayagan Velpari.

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18. குழந்தை இலக்கியங்களில் பள்ளி மாணவர்களுக்கானச் சூழலியல் சிந்தனைகள்

மா. குருவம்மாள் / முனைவர் மா. பத்ம பிரியா

Ecological Thoughts for School Children in Children's Literature

M. Guruvammal / Dr. M. Padma Priya

Abstract

The period of learning is childhood and youth. It is a Tamil saying that a nail driven into fresh wood. Poets have created songs that enchant the minds of children as suitable for their age. These poets are known as children's poets. The works that express the ideas for the well-being of children are classified as children's literature or juvenile literature. It is often said that the origin of children's literature originated from oral traditions. Originally, children's literature began with lullabies, which are a part of the Tamil folk songs. Indeed, lullabies serve as the first form of education imparted by the mother to her child through a mother-child bond. Children's songs are also considered songs that convey moral values and didactic messages to children. In these songs, plants and animals are often featured. In fact, children's literature teaches love for all living beings and advises to protect the natural environment. The environment is a very important concern today to deal with. The children of today should know the ecological values. Hence, one can say that children's literature guides children in the right direction. From Bharathiar to Kavimani, Azha.Valliyappa, poet Vanidasan and Poovannan have written songs that have sown the seeds of environmental awareness in the minds of school children. Therefore, this paper studies the ecological thoughts for school children from children's literature.

Keywords: Tamil Literature, Children's Literature, Ecological Thought, School Children.

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19. நற்றிணை மருதத்திணைப் பாடல்களில் அஃறிணை உயிரினங்கள்

செ. கௌதமி / முனைவர் சு. இரவிச்சந்திரன்

Neuter (Inanimate) Living Beings in the Marutam (Agricultural) Poems of Natrinai

S. Gowthami / Dr. S. Ravichandran

Abstract

The Sangam literature is a collection of eighteen texts such as “Ettuthogai” and “Pattuppattu.” The civilization evolved in the all parts of the world was in the river banks and lakes. In Tamil Nadu also the ancient civilization originated in the river banks and lakes. Therefore, it became very clear that the civilization and culture of the Tamils grew up in the water rich areas of the country that have been used for cultivation. Hence, the Maruthathinai songs from Natrinai have been selected for the study. In Narrinai, Marutham-thinai is identified as one among the five thinais (Five landscapes). The lifestyle represented in Marutha thinai is based on the three basic elements called as mupporul in Tamil. The land and the time constitute the Mudar Porul (primary elements), while the Karupporul (secondary elements) include both animate and inanimate objects associated with the Marutham landscape and signifies Oodal (love-quarrel) along with its consequences. Indeed to the point, there are many neuter gender beings seen in the Marutham songs. So, the subject matter about animals and birds found in the chosen songs are explored in this article.

.Keywords: Natrinai, Neuter Gender, Creatures, Maruthathinai, Animals, Birds.

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20. பத்துப்பாட்டு நூல்களில் ‘மனை’

சி. சக்தி லெட்சுமி / முனைவர் ச. அ. சுஜா

‘Manai’ in Pattuppattu Anthology

S. Sakthi Lakshmi / Dr. S. A. Suja

Abstract

The “Ettuthogai” and “Pattuppattu” are known as the eighteen works (Pathinenmelkanaku Noolgal) composed by the learned poets of the Sangam age to depict the life of the Sangam people. Among them, the longer poems are included in the Pattuppattu collection. The anthology “Pattuppattu” consists of ten works that describe various aspects of the Sangam society. It includes their culture, arts and occupation of their lives. Food, attire and shelter are the basic needs for human survival. Among them, shelter is an important need for man. It is a place where people can protect themselves from natural hazards such as the Sun, rain, animal attacks and other problems. Primarily, people lived in mountain caves as their shelters. But, they started to build huts, houses and massive building structures using natural materials. Many buildings are created and the House (Manai) is seen as an important structure in which people lived as families in ancient Tamil society. There is a lot of evidence on houses in the Sangam classics such as Pattuppattu. They may give us insight into the values of family. Hence, the research article describes the records of ‘Manai’ as mentioned in the “Pattuppattu” from Sangam Tamil Literature.

Keywords: Pattuppattu, Manai, Natural Environment, Worship of God.

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21. கற்புத்துறைத் தலைவன் கூற்றுகளில் தொல்காப்பியரும் திருவள்ளுவரும்

திருமதி. கோ. சரண்யா / முனைவர் க. சுந்தரமூர்த்தி

Tholkaappiyar and Thiruvalluvar on the Married Life of the Hero

Mrs. G. Saranya / Dr. G. Sundaramoorthy

Abstract

Tholkappiar composed Tholkappiam. It is an ancient grammar treatise for Tamil grammar and life ethics. In it, Tholkappiar has stated 53 rules for ‘Karppiyal’ that deal with love and relationships between the hero (Thalaivan) and the beloved (Thalaivi). Thiruvalluvar has attempted to express the messages conveyed by Tholkappiyar's Karppiyal through 180 couplets in his Thirukkural. It is notable that Valluvar, while incorporating the essence of Tholkappiyar's Karppiyal ideas, has presented them under various new adikarams. While expressing the marital love life of the leader, the male protagonist (thalaivan) who marries the female protagonist (thalaivi) would engage in communication with the beloved, her friend (thozhi) and the intermediary person (pagan) who helps him. They are quite interesting and have moral insights in them. The hero has a moral dilemma and has come to a final point to marry his beloved in front of the people to fulfil his promise to his beloved. In this context, the article explores a comparison between the portrayal of Thalaivan’s speech (the hero’s expressions) from Tholkappiyar and Thiruvalluvar within the perspective of Karppiyal tradition.

Keywords: Tholkaappiyar, Thiruvalluvar, Married Life, Hero.

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22. பதினெண் கீழ்க்கணக்கு அறநூல்களில் வான்பொருட்களில் புலப்படும் உவமைகள்

முனைவர் கு. ர. சரளா

Metaphorical Views of the Celestial Objects as found in the Pathinenkeezhkanakku Didactic Books

Dr. K. R. Sarala

Abstract

The world is a vast and marvellous one. There are innumerable entities in it and some of them are naturally formed and some others are artificially created by humans. These may further be classified as animate and inanimate, visible and invisible things. Among them, the sky extends as a canopy over the earth and encompasses within it countless wonders. The sun, the moon, the stars, the rainbow, the planets, the clouds and the rain are of particular significance among them. All are phenomenal ones that originate from the unique order of nature. Each of these celestial bodies fulfils its own function properly and sustains the order of life. The sun provides light. The moon gives equilibrium at night. The stars serve as guides. The rain provides water and it becomes the basis of all living existence. The rainbow captivates the human mind. These natural phenomena are intimately linked with the welfare of life. The Tamil poets never regarded these natural elements as mere physical or celestial objects. They have employed them as metaphors to impart ethical and existential values to mankind. The present article seeks to examine how such celestial objects are employed as metaphors in the Pathinenkeezhkanakku texts and investigates how they are used to convey moral instruction.

Keywords: Pathinenkeezhkanakku, Astronomical Thought, Sky, Star, Sun, Moon.

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23. பெண் மைய இலக்கிய நோக்கில் மணிமேகலை காப்பிய பொதுப்பெண்டிரும் குலப்பெண்டிரும்

ச. சிவகாமசுந்தரி / முனைவர் தே. வினோத் ஐசக் பீட்டர்

Promiscuous Women and Noble Women in the Epic Manimekalai in a Feminist Literary Perspective

S. Sivakamasundari / Dr. T. Vinoth Isaac Peter

Abstract

Feminist theory is one of the Western theories in the world. It appeared in French and began to enter the Indian and Tamil context and discussions about women’s literature, myths and concepts arose into existence. Elango and Satanar created various female characters in the Two Kappiyams to show women's protection. Kannagi’s patience and chastity gave her the courage to uphold justice when she was harmed. Madhavi is from the Kanikaiyar Clan, but proves to be a loyal woman. Koperundevi dies after her husband’s death by saying, “Kanavanai Ilanthorkku Kattuvathu Il,” then, Arundhati becomes the Symbol of chastity, Manimekalai dedicates her life by offering food and money to the needy, and Adrai, the chaste one who gave alms to Amudhasurabi, are examples of noble women by heart. The article examines the characteristics of such women from the feminist perspective. Feminism, the theory of feminism, chastity, women’s courage and the ability to achieve strength are seen in the epics (Kappiyam) of Tamil literature. It studies the two Kappiyams for diverse purposes, and it can be understood that the women stand high on their own by their quality. There are many reasons for this. These women are self-empowered. In this modern era where feminist ideas are widely spoken, the study of such great women doing research from the feminist point of view is very important. Hence, the research is necessary for the development of literature and today’s moral needs.

Keywords: Virtue, Promiscuous Women, Noble Women, Manimekalai, Feminist Study.

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24. செவ்வியல் இலக்கியங்களில் இல்லறச் சிந்தனைகள்

இரா. சினேகலதா / முனைவர் வே. அ. பழனியப்பன்

Familial Thoughts in Classical Literature

R. Snehalatha / Dr. V. A. Palaniappan

Abstract

Language is the development of man's ultimate evolution. The thoughts and desires evolved in the heart of the writer have been created into writings. The writers recorded their ideas with the setting of the social environment where they live in. Tamil literature evolved with classical properties of literature. The classical literature of the Tamil language takes its place close to nature. Tamil classical literature is based on the roles of time, place, nature and cultural environment. Women are the most popular ones in the life of the ancient Tamil society. The examination of women in general and the claims of the mother who defended the woman to create a new society, and her selfless nature is a higenic social development. The study of the Nartthai (Mother) and Sevili Thai (Caretaker) elicited in Tamil Classical Literature can lead to the creation of an ethical Tamil community. This article will be a prompt to admire the Nartthai (Mother) and Sevili Thai (Caretaker) and their characteristic traits. Hence, this article explores the importance of familial life, hospitality, rituals, Silambu kaliye Nombu, beliefs, etc.

Keywords: Familial Thoughts, Tamil, Classical Literature, Culture, Women.

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25. தமிழ் பண்பாட்டில் நம்பிக்கைகளும், தெய்வங்களும்

செ. சுகக்குமார் / முனைவர் சி.சுப்ரமணியன்

Beliefs and Deities in Tamil Culture

S. Sugakumar / Dr. C. Subramaniaym

Abstract

There are belief-based cults in human societies all around the world. The remembrance of certain beliefs is a form of worship. In India, there is a unique social structure and rituals that are based on beliefs and recollections. They are ancient and later created by faith. Some customs are corrupted, distorted and re-emerge in these cults. But, due to continued practice, they become culturally fixed among the people. Worships are performed based on deities and the worship of deities has become popular due to factors such as access to the government or by mass faith. Due to the approach of the government, sometimes cultural mixing also occurs. The Gods like Murugan, Thirumal, and Shiva attained the status of supreme deities when the Vedic culture had access to the Tamil Nation. Vedic- stories (mythological legends) were woven into the legends of such deities and they adapted to other cultures. Non-Vedic worship is being performed by common people. Such are the worship of the deities like Kariyaperumal, Kariperumal, Murugan and Adhisiva who are in the hills. In simple terms, folk deities or non-Vedic ones are called minor deities. Another aspect is that Ancestor memory is the predominant reason for minor deity worship. Often, they are guardian deities. The deities such as Mariamman are worshiped by a large number of people. The deities born out of murder belong to Nadukal worship and have been worshiped from ancient times. There are also deities worshipped in the case of honor killings. They are worshiped as Perumitakolai Goddesses, who were killed by family members to escape shame. Deities are also worshiped for fears, beliefs, recollections, etc. Hence, the article investigates the various categories of worship and their origins.

Keywords: Deity, Supreme Deity, Clan Deity, Deity from Honour killing.

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26. கீழ்க்கணக்கு அக நூல்களில் பெண்மொழி உளவியல்

கு. சுதா / முனைவர் மூ. பாலசுப்பிரமணியன்

Feminine Psychology in Keezhkanakku Aganoolgal

G. Sudha / Dr. M. Balasubramanian

Abstract

In Sangam literature, Agananooru, Kuruntokai, Natrinai and Kalittokai belong to the Agam genre. It records human emotions and social feelings. In these texts, various psychological aspects of women such as their state of mind, emotions, desires, sacrifice, patience, love, and separation are portrayed. The world of womanhood is closely connected with the virtues of love, relationships, social norms and family responsibilities. In the post-Sangam Agam texts (Keezhkanakku Books), female psychology appears as a reflection of deep life experiences. The inner thoughts of the works bring out the inner feelings of women and reveal their social and personal identities. These works highlight many virtuous qualities of women such as chastity, domestic duties, hospitality, dignity in poverty, maintaining relationships and revering their husbands. As women were not accepted into ascetic life, the Agam texts emphasised that family life should be protected and preserved by women. Hence, this paper examines the feminine psychology expressed in the post-Sangam Agam literature and brings out the psychological foundations of thought, emotion and social contribution of women in the Sangam period.

Keywords: Sangam Literature, Keezhkanakku, Agam Books, Feminine Psychology.

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27. திருஞானசம்பந்தரின் சீகாழிப் பதிகங்களில் சைவ சித்தாந்தக் கூறுகள்

க. சுபலா / முனைவர் ம. கீதா

Saiva Siddhantha Philosophy in Sikazhi Padhigas of Thirugnanasambandhar

K. Subala / Dr. M. Geetha

Abstract

Lord Shiva is the Supreme God and is the ONE who is worshipped by infinite number of people. The Tirumurais and Saiva Siddhanta verses emphasize the devotional path for humans to attain the supreme Lord. Saivism is connected with Lord Shiva as the Supreme God. According to Saiva Siddhanta, the devotees who seek to reach the Lord are bound by their karmic attachments. The Samayacharyas and Santanacharyas recommend the path for devotees to transcend these karmic attachments to attain the Lord. Thirugnanasambandhar is a revered scholar in Saivism. He was born in Sirkazhi in the Chola region and propagated the Vedas and Saivism. He guided the worldly men towards virtuous lives and explains them the path of liberation through his spiritual pathigams to attain spiritual growth and salvation. Thirugnanasambandhar established the clear path of worship and disseminated the true philosophy of knowledge and devotion. Thirugnanasambandhar devoted himself to the spiritual path by the divine grace of the Lord of Tiruthonipuram and elucidates the way to attain the Supreme Being through devotion. This article has been planned to explore the spiritual path to reach the omnipresent Supreme Being through Thirugnanasambandhar's Sirkazhi Pathigams by examining the core elements of Saiva Siddhanta in his compositions. Hence, the article is structured with an Introduction, Saiva Religion, Thirugnanasambandhar, Saiva Siddhanta and the True Philosophy of Knowledge, Sirkazhi Temple in Tirumurai, The three core Principles Pathi – Pasu - Pasam, Sadhana and other Benefits and it winds up with a brief conclusion.

Keywords: Saiva Siddhantha, Philosophy, Sikazhi Padhigam, Thirugnanasambandhar.

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28. சங்ககால மகளிரின் வாழ்க்கைச் சூழல்

முனைவர் கீ. வே. சுபாஷிணி

Life Environment of the Sangam women

Dr. K. V. Subashini

Abstract

Tamil has a very distinctive quality which no other language in the world. The other languages work as a medium for writing and conversation. They also have grammar for their language. But, Tamil language has the ideals of grammar based on life and ethics. It is divided into internal (Agam) and external (Puram) life. Love and valour were both admired by the Sangam people, but valour was given more importance while examining the social characteristics of the Sangam period. The inner life depends on these values. In business deeds, sports and customs, the Tamils displayed themselves as warriors. They did day and night fishing in the middle of the sea, roamed in the forest and on the mountains. They traversed the path of death and hunting. It was their ancient occupations. The Tamils who lived in the woods tamed the war bulls which they could kill any man by stabbing with their horns. Such brave men were chosen as bridegrooms for the brides. In such a warlike society, women were also very brave as heroes. Hence, the article examines the life and the social environment of women in the Sangam Age.

Keywords: Sangam Age, Women, Life, Chastity, Femininity, Female Refuge.

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29. திருவருணைக் கலம்பகம் எடுத்துரைக்கும் அக வாழ்வியல்

பொ. வி. சுஷ்மிதா / முனைவர் இரா. நி. ஸ்ரீகலா

Portrayal of Inner Life in Thiruvarunai Kalambakam

P. V. Susmitha / Dr. R. N. Sreekala

Abstract

Kalambakam is one of the 96 types of minor literature in Tamil. It is called Kalambakam because of the presence of different types of literary facets in this literature. The internal and external feelings mentioned in Tolkapiyam are also mentioned in Kalambakam. In Kalambaka literature, Kalithurai and Venpa are sung in Anthathithodai. The numbers of the songs are arranged according to the merit of the Kalambakam singers. There are more than 80 types in Kalambaka literature. Thiruvarunai kalambagam was sung by Ellappa Navalar. The period of Thiruvarunai Kalambaka is the sixteenth century. The word ‘Aruna’ indicates Tiruvannamalai. Thiruvarunai Kalambagam sings the glory of Thiruvannamalai. This volume consists of hundreds of holy songs. Thiruvannamalai is considered the mountain of all medicines. So, it is acknowledged as the best one among the Kalambhakas in Tamil. Thiruvarunai Kalambakam is sung on Thiruvannamalai Emperuman Arunachaleswar and portrays HIM as the protagonist of the story. In Thiruvarunai Kalambakam, Agathini concepts mention that the leader praises the beauty of the beloved and sends neuter gender animals and birds as messengers to remove the gap. Thiruvarunai Kalambakam also narrates the incidents where the Thozhi says the caretaker (Sevili Thai) to induce hysteria and Thalaivan and Thalavi’s union. Hence, this article explains the dialogue of the beloved's regret for the leader through sad songs.

Keywords: Arunachaleswarar, Thiruvannamalai, Agathinai, Ellappa Navalar, Thiruvarunai Kalambagam.

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30. நற்றிணையில் மரங்களும் மருத்துவ குணங்களும்

சு. சூரியபிரபா / முனைவர் ப. உமாமகேஸ்வரி

Trees and their Medicinal Properties in Natrinai

S. Suryaprabha / Dr. P. Umamageswari

Abstract

The people of the Sangam period lived in harmony with nature and trees held an essential place in their lives. Natrinai is one of the most important collections in the Sangam literature. The Sangam poets have sung about many types of trees in their songs. These trees were very useful to the people of the Sangam period. It portrays the Sangam husband and wife expressing their grief during the separation and the prosperity of the husband's country. It expresses the message by describing the trees native to that land. The scientific name and botanical name of the trees and their family name are yet to be studied. Trees play a vital role in maintaining environmental balance. Their barks, leaves, fruits, flowers, and seeds possess various medicinal properties. These parts are useful in protecting human health and curing several diseases. From the Sangam literature to modern research, the medicinal values of trees have been documented in literature. Trees enrich human life, the natural environment and serve as fundamental resources of traditional medicine. Nowadays, there are many changes and improvements in the life of man. Due to this, man suffers from various diseases. In the Sangam period, people considered trees to be very important and protected them. But today, many trees are being destroyed. Hence, the purpose of the research article is to protect these trees.

Keywords: Sangam Period, Natrinai, Trees, Siddha Medicine, Cure for Diseases.

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31. புறநானூற்று அரசவாகைப் பாடல்களில் தலையானங்கானத்துச் செருவென்ற பாண்டியன் நெடுஞ்செழியனின் வென்றிச் சிறப்பு

கி. தமிழரசி / முனைவர் ப. செந்தில்குமாரி

Victorious Glory of Thalaiyanankana Seruvendra Pandian Nedunchezhiyan Portrayed in the Courtly Poems of Purananooru

K. Tamilarasi / Dr. P. Senthilkumari

Abstract

Purananooru stands as a classical work that portrays the life and valour of the Tamil kings. It is regarded as the epitome of portraying Tamil glory. Purananooru speaks of the immortal fame of the Tamils who lived with generosity and charity. They consider them as their two eyes. It describes war and heroism and depicts the nature of the king who fights and wins on the battlefield. The Tamil grammarians classify the characteristics of the kings under the Vakai Thinai which is known as Arasa Vakai. Alike Arasa Vakai, Keerchalai Vakai, Vakai Aravam and Murasu Vakai also define the characteristic traits. In Purananooru, there are eight Arasa Vakai poems about Thalaiyanankana Seruvendra Pandian Nedunchezhiyan. This article explains Pandian Nedunchezhiyan’s heroic qualities, royal tradition, discipline of governance, care for people and his moral conduct as reflected in the Arasa Vakai poems. Through the poems, the king’s courage, his determination and his brave actions for the welfare of the people are investigated. The article provides historical insights into the politics, culture and society of the ancient Pandya kingdom. It establishes that Nedunchezhiyan’s rule is with heroism and justice which is firmly rooted in the Tamil literary tradition.

Keywords: Purananooru, Victory, Glory, Thalaiyanankana Seruvendra Pandian Nedunchezhiyan, Arasa Vakai Poems.

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32. அ.முத்துலிங்கம் புதினத்தில் கருத்தியல் பண்பாடு

ம. துர்க்காதேவி / முனைவர் க. சரவணன்

Ideological Culture in the Novels of A. Muthulingam

M. Durgadevi / Dr. K. Saravanan

Abstract

Ideology is the theoretical understanding of the social reality and it also includes the practices that occur in society. It also plays an important role in the fields of science, economics, etc. Human culture presents the development of societies that are divided into two categories such as public life and private life. However, it does not need to be an explicit form of thought. It is an abstract framework than sociology and philosophy. According to the principles of Marxist theory, political ideology operates as a set of goals, ideas and beliefs in the society. So, ideological culture is a set of goals, ideas and beliefs. It also gives importance to the struggles and criticisms that occur in society. The study investigates the ideas related to society, politics, law, religion, art, imagination and existentialism in the select movels of A. Muthulingam. A. Muthulingam is a well-known Tamil writer. He has written many novels and his novels have been written with sme sort of ideology that exhibit the society. His ideas a rational and can be seen in the lives of ordinary people. It also describes the messages related to the ideological culture that are found in the novels of A. Muthulingam.

Keywords: Modern Tamil Literature, Tamil Writer, A. Muthulingam, Novels, Ideology.

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33. அஷ்டப்பிரபந்த இலக்கியங்களில் அந்தாதி

ஆ. தேன்மலர் / முனைவர் இரா. நி. ஸ்ரீகலா

Anthadhi in Ashtaprabhandha Literature

A. Thenmalar / Dr. R. N. Sreekala

Abstract

The Tamil language is uttered by the primordial Lord Shiva who governs the universe and is our mother tongue. Hence, it is revered as a divine language. It is also a language whose grammatical structure is so complex that a person cannot fully master it in a lifetime. This intricate grammatical form has been enlivened through Tamil literature. The literary works created in the Tamil language shine with aesthetic beauty. They are written by the devotees who sing with heartfelt devotion to the almighty God. The Tamil language is like the sweetness of honey and the pleasantness of a gentle breeze. It is a language that enchants the minds of the people who read it in any form. The devotees who composed devotional literature have enriched the aesthetic and spiritual quality of the language. Among them, Karaikkal Ammaiyar from the Saiva sect holds a special place for her remarkable contribution Anthadhi to Tamil bhakti literature. So, in Tamil minor literary forms, Antadi occupies a significant place as a peculiar genre. Anthadhi has been used by many Vaishnava scholars to glorify Lord Vishnu. One of the Vaishnava devotees, named Pillai Perumaliyengar used this Antadi form to glorify Lord Vishnu. He glorifies the divine preserver by his Anthadhi verses that blend the poetic elegance of Tamil with the divine beauty of Lord Vishnu. Hence, the objective of this paper is to explore and analyse the Anthadhis from Asthaprabantha Literature.

Keywords: Ashtaprabhandam, Pillai Perumaliyengar, Anthathi, Vishnu Perumal.

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34. தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப வளர்ச்சியில் கணினியின் செயல்பாடுகள்

கு. நிவேதா / முனைவர் ப. சசிரேகா

Functions of Computers in the Development of Information Technology

K. Nivetha / Dr. P. Sasirekha

Abstract

In the mechanical life of man, the functions of computers, internet facilities and mobile phones have become indispensable for humans. Moreover, computer dominance is apparent in every aspect of day-to-day human activity. The analysts, programmers and policy makers who play a vital role in the field of information technology have recognised the importance of computer software and have advanced the development of information technology. In the early stages, the computers existed in large and complex forms with the help of technological progress they have transformed into mini gadgets. Today, with the help of the internet, they have brought the world within a hand. It is not an exaggeration to state this because it is a level now that human life cannot be feasible without the aid of computers. So, this research paper focuses on the stages of computer development, the role of the internet in the technological growth of various fields such as education, media, medicine, and astronomy. It also explains the significance of the present-day technologies such as cloud computing, network computing and machine learning. Hence, the article explores the use of software applications that are used for office workers and in the newest sectors from banking to healthcare by the applications of artificial intelligence.

Keywords: Function, Computer, Development, Information Technology, Tamil Language.

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35. அகநானூற்றில் ஊர் பெயரும் பண்பாடும்

மா. பத்மஜா / முனைவர் இரா. சொர்ண பமிலா

Town Name and Culture in Agananooru

M. Padmaja / Dr. R. Sorna Bamila

Abstract

Sangam literature serves as a mirror reflecting the life and times of the Sangam society. It vividly portrays the lifestyle, culture, and customs of the people. Sangam works reveal that people lived in harmony with natural surroundings by dividing the land into five distinct ecological regions (Ainthinaigal – five landscapes). Among the Ettuthokai anthology, Agananooru speaks of the love life between the hero (Thalaivan) and heroine (heroine). In the verses, the Sangam poets also use the beauty of the heroine as a metaphor and compare it to the prosperity of the Tamil land. In these five landscapes, various place names were created and as they on the passing over time, they evolved into the actual names of towns and regions. The term ‘ur’ denotes the cities, capitals, and ports in Tamil. These towns were safe, prosperous and familiar places without poverty. The people led happy lives by engaging in agriculture and celebrating festivals with joy. The scenes such as the generosity of offering food and hospitality to the relatives and the needy people demonstrate the prosperity and cultural richness of the ancient Sangam life. Hence, the paper plans to describe the names of the towns and culture as found in Agananooru.

Keywords: Tamil Nadu, Sangam Literature, Agananooru, Town, Names, Culture.

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