Volume - 9, Issue - 1, July 2026
தொகுதி - 9, இதழ் - 1, ஜீலை 2026
Articles
வாழ்த்துரை
தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியத்திற்காக எமது தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியப் பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் (IJTLLS) தம் இலக்கிய மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி அரும்பணியைச் செய்து வருகின்றது. இது எமது ஒன்பதாம் தொகுதியின் முதல் இதழாகும். இவ்வகையான சிறந்த ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகளின் ஆய்வுத்தொகுப்பினை ஆய்வாளர்களுக்கு வழங்குவதில் ஆனந்தமடைகிறேன். ஆய்வாளர்களின் அனைத்து கட்டுரைகளையும் ஆய்வு நெறிமுறைகளின்படி தணிக்கைச் செய்து மதிப்புரை வழங்கி செம்மைப்படுத்தி தமிழ் மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியப் பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் (IJTLLS) இணையத்தில் பிரசுரம் செய்து உள்ளது. எதிர்காலத்தில் தமிழ் ஆராய்ச்சிகளை உலக அரங்கத்திற்கு எடுத்துச் செல்ல ஓர் ஆய்வுக்களமாக எமது இதழ் செயல்பட்டு வருகிறது. அதற்கு உறுதுணை அளித்த அனைவருக்கும்நன்றி.
- பதிப்பாசிரியர்
1. இடைச்சுரப் பாடல்களில் தலைவனின் உணர்வு மேலாண்மை
சொ. நே. அறிவுமதி / முனைவர் அ. கவிதா ராணி
Emotional Management of the Hero in Idaichura Songs
S. N. Arivumathi / Dr. A. Kavitha Rani
Abstract
Sangam Literature is often referred to as emotional literature. The rich portrayal of human emotions is the foundation of the Sangam poems. This article analyses the emotional management of the hero (Thalaivan) portrayed in the love poems of the Palai landscape from Sangam literature, based on the principles outlined by John D. Mayer, David R. Caruso, and Peter Salovey within the model of emotional intelligence. This paper reviewed the statements of the hero speaking in the middle of the dry forest who is on his way to earn for his family. There are 44 such poems in the Sangam Literature. These poems speak of the hero's mental struggles stemming from his parting with his wife (or lover) under ethical and financial pressure. In this paper, which views the hero's emotional management skills, we see that the hero can identify his and their impact on the situation and his needs, and he deals with them based on the situation and his needs. He also understands the heroine's emotional state and handles his and hers with subtlety. This shows his emotional management skills. Emotional balance, Emotional discipline, Emotional staging, Emotional understanding, Self-management of emotions, and management of others' emotions are considered the key steps in Emotional Management. Moreover, this article analyses these steps through the Hero's character.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Emotional Management, Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Balance.
2. இனவரைவியல் நோக்கில் காணிப் பழங்குடியினரின் தெய்வ வழிபாட்டு முறைகள்
கௌ. அஸ்வதிபூஜா / முனைவர் நே. நிஷாநேவிஸ்
Deities and Worship Methods of the Kaani Tribes in an Ethnographic Perspective
G. Aswathypooja / Dr. N. Nisha Navis
Abstract
This research paper aims to extensively study the deity worship practices and ritual traditions of the tribal Kani community. The Kani system of deity worship has evolved against the backdrop of nature worship. The worship of Kaalattu Thampuran as the protector of the settlement is observed. This explains the male deity worship tradition related to the boundary protection of the Kani settlement. The worship of Pechiyamman, symbolizing mother goddess worship, is also found. The worship of Sastha is observed as a symbol of justice and dharma. This study discusses in detail the main ritual of the Kani people, Koduthi Pooja. Koduthi Pooja is observed as a collective worship conducted for the welfare of the Kani settlement, for good yield, and for disease removal. They believed that mountain, rain, water, and tree are the abodes of deities. Muthan worship and Kaavu worship have become their deities of faith. The reasons for this are also presented in this study.
Keywords: Kaani People, Nature Worship, Koduthi Pooja Rituals, Festivals, Pechiyamman Worship, Sastha Worship.
3. தமிழ் சூழலியல் புதினங்களில் உற்பத்திச் சூழலமைவுகள்
முனைவர் மு. அஜீத் குமார்
Production Ecosystems in Tamil Ecological Novels
Dr. M. Ajith kumar
Abstract
Literature presents us with concepts rooted in various theoretical frameworks. To facilitate the identification of such concepts, numerous theories have been introduced to the world by various scholars over the past few centuries. Among these, ecological theories also hold a prominent place. These ecological theories have emerged in the mid-18th century and continue to remain active and become influential to this day. So, they undergo constant innovation and adaptation in response to environmental changes. Literature, whether explicitly or implicitly, articulates concepts derived from such theories. This remains an enduring principle, consistent across the entire spectrum of Tamil literature-from the ancient Sangam era to the modern period. In this context, literary works abound with narratives depicting instances that adversely affect or pollute the natural environment. The genre of the novel, too, aligns itself with this tradition. After Indian independence, the Indian government focused its efforts mainly on conserving natural resources and enhancing industrial productivity. The impact of these initiatives is clearly reflected in literature. Many Tamil novels represent the ecological concerns related to it. In their pursuit of maximising productivity, insufficient attention was paid to the imperative of safeguarding the natural environment. Tamil novels serve as the medium that document such unbearable realities. Nevertheless, this article explores and analyses these specific ecological themes in the select Tamil novels.
Keywords: Tamil Novels, Production, Ecology, Destruction, Pollution.
4. திருக்குறள் வலியுறுத்தும் மன அறம்
முனைவர் ரா. ஆனந்தி
Moral Values Emphased by Thirukkural
Dr. R. Anandhi
Abstract
In worldly life, the combination of love and knowledge is the way to achieve the benefits of human birth. Thiruvalluvar focuses on virtue and analyses the combined intellectual and loving actions of both men and women. Poiyamozhiyar, who emphasises home life as the basis of virtue, firmly states that "life is life that is based on virtue." Thus, home life is not only the ideal for individual fulfilment; it is also the foundation for social peace and development. Since love helps maintain relationships and intellectual problems are addressed, the joint action of these two creates opportunities for well-being in worldly life. Maintaining ethics at all levels, whether husband-wife, parents-children, relatives-neighbours, becomes the law that drives virtue in everyone's life. Furthermore, love and knowledge do not remain mere principles but are transformed into true virtue when they are applied in practical life. The characteristics such as generosity, charity, compassion, responsibility and honesty are cultivated from the home. In this way, when a person realises his duties and acts, individual and public welfare are integrated, and the purpose of birth is fulfilled. That is why Valluvar shows the home as the abode of virtue and proclaims that a virtuous life is one in which people live and flow through it. Therefore, a home life full of knowledge and love is the foundation for lasting happiness, peace, and progress of human society. This article will examine such ideas through the lens of Thirukkural.
Keywords: Thirukkural, Virtue, Mind, Impurity, Deceitfulness.
5. கோடீச்சுர கோவையில் அகப்பொருள் துறை வளர்ச்சி
முனைவா் ம. இராமகிருஷ்ணன்
Development of the Internal Affairs in Kodeeshvara Kovai
Dr. M. Ramakrishnan
Abstract
The term 'sitrilakkiyam' (minor literary genre) in contemporary Tamil usage corresponds to the Sanskrit term 'prabandham', which literally means 'well-constructed' or 'systematically composed.' These compositions have served as an effectve medium through which poets articulate their devotion, gratitude and aesthetic sensibilities. Over time, more than a hundred such minor literary forms have emerged in Tamil, among which Antati, Pillaittamil, Satakam, Kovai, Ula, Kalampakam, Tootu, Pallu, Atruppaṭai, Kuravanci, and Parani are particularly celebrated. Among these, the kovai genre holds a prominent position, particularly due to its intrinsic connection to the akapporul (interior/romantic) tradition of Tamil poetics. The kovai compositions portray the conventional thematic elements (turais) and dialogic forms (kilavikal) of love poetry and extoll the virtues of the hero (pattutai talaivan). Kodeeshvara Kovai emerges as an important work that exemplifies the classification of akapporul categories and their evolutionary trajectories. The work delineates the romantic interactions, speech acts and contextual settings between the hero and heroine as stipulated by the grammatical traditions of the agathinai framework. The theoretical foundations laid down in the Tolkappiyam were successively elaborated upon in later canonical commentaries such as Iraiyanar Agapporul and Nampi Agapporul. This research paper aims to investigate the growth of the akapporul categories with particular focus on how new tuṟais were incorporated in response to the aesthetic and social contexts. It analyses the proliferation of these categories across canonical and post-canonical periods and illuminate the interplay between fixed grammatical convention and creative literary practice in the Tamil poetic tradition. Thus, the study aids to the clear understanding of the minor literary canon's role to preserve and advance the intellectual heritage of Tamil literary culture.
Keywords: Minor Literary Genre, Development, Internal Affairs, Kodeeshvara Kovai.
6. தண்ணிழல் காப்பியத்தில் வீரயுக மரபுகள்
முனைவர் க. இராமதுரை
Heroic Traditions in the Epic Thannizhal
Dr. G. Ramadurai
Abstract
Epic studies are intertwined with the experiences of the people. The evolution of the epic tradition continues to progress in the contemporary period of Tamil Literature. For this inquiry, the epic Thannizhal has been selected for the study and it encompasses thematic dimensions such as friendship, generosity, valour, martial strategy, statecraft, righteous anger, territorial prosperity, and the distinctive glory of the realm. The article aims to analyse the following aspects such as the genesis of the epic form, its generic classifications, the nature of literary epic, the theoretical frameworks underlying Tamil epic poetry, the general characteristics shared by epic conventions, the postulates about the Heroic Age, comparative perspectives on Heroic Age theories advanced by other scholars, and the treatment of munificence and martial prowess within the epic narrative. This study undertakes to elucidate the nature of epics in general and the theoretical framework of the Heroic Age and the inherited traditions of that epoch. The descriptive and analytical method constitutes the fundamental methodological approach adopted for this investigation. Hence, the constituent elements of the Heroic Age, warfare and the ethical precepts in the epic have been subjected to the scrutiny and supported by substantiating data from the epic.
Keywords: Thannizhal, Heroic Age, Wars, Virtue, Intrigue, Deceit.
7. கீதாரி புதினம் கட்டமைக்கும் சமூகம்
முனைவர் சு. இளமாறன்
Portrayal of Society in the Novel Geethari
Dr. S. Elamaran
Abstract
The term 'sitrilakkiyam' (minor literary genre) in contemporary Tamil usage corresponds to the Sanskrit term 'prabandham', which literally means 'well-constructed' or 'systematically composed.' These compositions have served as an effectve medium through which poets articulate their devotion, gratitude and aesthetic sensibilities. Over time, more than a hundred such minor literary forms have emerged in Tamil, among which Antati, Pillaittamil, Satakam, Kovai, Ula, Kalampakam, Tootu, Pallu, Atruppaṭai, Kuravanci, and Parani are particularly celebrated. Among these, the kovai genre holds a prominent position, particularly due to its intrinsic connection to the akapporul (interior/romantic) tradition of Tamil poetics. The kovai compositions portray the conventional thematic elements (turais) and dialogic forms (kilavikal) of love poetry and extoll the virtues of the hero (pattutai talaivan). Kodeeshvara Kovai emerges as an important work that exemplifies the classification of akapporul categories and their evolutionary trajectories. The work delineates the romantic interactions, speech acts and contextual settings between the hero and heroine as stipulated by the grammatical traditions of the agathinai framework. The theoretical foundations laid down in the Tolkappiyam were successively elaborated upon in later canonical commentaries such as Iraiyanar Agapporul and Nampi Agapporul. This research paper aims to investigate the growth of the akapporul categories with particular focus on how new tuṟais were incorporated in response to the aesthetic and social contexts. It analyses the proliferation of these categories across canonical and post-canonical periods and illuminate the interplay between fixed grammatical convention and creative literary practice in the Tamil poetic tradition. Thus, the study aids to the clear understanding of the minor literary canon's role to preserve and advance the intellectual heritage of Tamil literary culture.
Keywords: Minor Literary Genre, Development, Internal Affairs, Kodeeshvara Kovai.
8. தொழில்சார் உளவியல் பார்வையில் சு. தமிழ்ச்செல்வியின் மாந்தர் படைப்பு
கோ. உமாமகேஸ்வரி / முனைவர் மு. கண்ணையன்
Su. Tamilselvi's Portrayal of Characters from the Perspective of Occupational Psychology
G. Umamaheshwari / Dr. M. Kannaiyan
Abstract
Art and literature are deeply connected with the people. They originate from the lives of people and emerge from the various facets of daily life. They serve to highlight both the virtues and vices inherent in human life. Literature is a form of art. Indeed, all other art forms may be viewed as manifestations or alternative expressions of literature, which itself evolved from a mastery of language. Human life is full of countless cultural practices, linguistic markers, folkloric traditions and historical narratives. Literature captures and records these elements in its own way. It is the duty of all people to ensure that these records of literature are transmitted across generations. At every level of human existence, there exists a distinct psychological dimension. This psychological aspect may be described as a symbolic form that mirrors human actions and behaviours. Periodically, various literary works, such as short stories and novels, serve to reflect these psychological markers. Many contemporary writers view it as their primary duty to chronicle the simple, everyday lives of ordinary people. The protagonists of their stories are predominantly members of the working class. These writers centre their narratives around the psychological nuances and expressions associated with the specific occupations of these working-class individuals. Hence, each story serves to foreground the lives of people within diverse social and economic strata. Su. Tamilselvi is a distinguished writer of the new generation, renowned for her exceptional creative skill. The settings for her stories are predominantly the local people inhabited by the working class. It may be the sea, the land, industrial factories, roadways, the lowlands of agrarian fields, or red-soil brick-making factories. Su. Tamilselvi is a literary artist who portrays both the specific sites where people toil amidst hardship and the working-class individuals who labour within them. This article examines the character portrayals featured in her stories, as well as the occupational psychology of the individuals depicted in the stories.
Keywords: Tamil Literature, Su. Tamilselvi, Characters, Occupational Psychology.
9. நாட்டார் வாழ்வில் முருக வழிபாட்டு நம்பிக்கைகள் செலுத்தும் ஆளுமை
ஜெ. கவிதா / முனைவர் மா. மீனாட்சி சுந்தரம்
Role and Impact of Murugan Devotional Practices in Shaping Nattar Life
J. Kavitha / Dr. M. Meenakshi Sundaram
Abstract
In the folk (Nattar) worship of Lord Murugan, religious belief play a vital role in creating, perpetuating and transmitting devotional practices across generations. The priests (poosari), ritual oracles (samiyadigal), and soothsayers (kurisolpavarkal) work as traditional lineage-based ritual leaders and congregational devotee groups. These mediators support the religious faith of the people and preserve the ritual traditions and cultural values of the society. Their activities affirm the spiritual identity of rural folk and disseminate devotion to Lord Murugan through various ritual observances, temple worship, festival celebrations, penance offerings (nerttikkatan) and protection (kaval kattal). This study presents a comprehensive examination of the influential figures who shape the belief systems in Murugan worship among the folk (Nattar), their social influence and their role in the continuity of folk spiritual culture. This study elucidates how spiritual beliefs contribute to social unity, religious sensibility and the preservation of traditions. In particular, the study highlights the manner in which religious convictions transcend generational gaps to become integrated with the everyday lives of the people. It reinforces cultural identity and communal integration. Hence, this study affirms that the folk tradition of Murugan worship is not merely a collection of religious rituals; rather, it constitutes a comprehensive cultural system that encompasses a community's collective faith, cultural continuity and lived experiential realities.
Keywords: Nattar, Murugan Worship, Beliefs, Folk Culture, Folk Life.
10. தாயுமானவர் பாடல்களில் உவமைச் சிறப்புகள்
த. கற்பகவல்லி / முனைவர் ச. பிரியா
The Allegorical Qualities in the Songs of Thayumanavar
T. Karpagavalli / Dr. S. Priya
Abstract
Among the Tamil mystic poets of the eighteenth century, Thayumanavar has a distinctive position, and his songs are valuable poetic compositions. They are the records of his spiritual experience. The songs embody the philosophical tenets of Saiva Siddhanta, the manifold emotions of human existence, and the soul's benevolent journey towards the realisation of the divine. Thayumanavar employs natural imagery and common objects of everyday perception as analogies to describe the ineffable experience of the divine in a manner that is both accessible and meaningful. Just as clouds pour forth rain to enrich the earth, so too does divine grace descend upon souls to render them in fruitful union with god. As the sun dispels darkness and bestows light, wisdom erases ignorance from the mortal man. Like the serene radiance of the moon cools the heart, the contemplation of the divine pacifies the mind of man. Indeed, the ocean is immeasurable in both depth and breadth; divine grace is boundless for the devotee. The merging of rivers into the ocean serves as a clear metaphor for the union of the individual soul with the Supreme Being by signifying spiritual perfection. Further, Thayumanavar articulates that, just as gold is refined and purified by fire, so does the divine purify souls through trials; as a magnet attracts iron, so does divine grace draw souls towards itself. These references to the soul and the divine inform his poetic compositions. The songs of Thayumanavar transform all natural phenomena and life experiences into spiritual lessons. Through analogy, he renders elevated philosophical concepts intelligible to the common people. His works illuminate profound truths through accessible imagery and metaphor in Tamil literature. So, this article aims to examine the metaphorical qualities seen in Thayumanavar's songs and explore their deeper significance and their role in both devotional practice and philosophical discourse.
Keywords: Tamil, Devotional Literature, Thayumanavar, Allegory, spirituality.
11. வன்புலக் குறிஞ்சியும் வேளாண் வளமும்
ஆ. காயத்ரி / முனைவர் மு. கவிதா
Vanpulakurinji and Agricultural Fertility
A. Gayathri / Dr. M. Kavitha
Abstract
Agriculture is considered the backbone of a nation. It is said that farming began when people transitioned from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to tribal groups by cultivating their own lands. During the Sangam period, people practised agriculture work across the five distinct landscapes such as Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal and Paalai. Different crops were cultivated in each region with the thge aid of natural environment and seasonal cycles that play key roles in enhancing agricultural production. The ancient Tamils were pioneers in agriculture. They were experts in thorough ploughing, land preparation, the careful selection of seeds, the application of agricultural knowledge, or the development of irrigation techniques. Agriculture in the Kurinji region depended entirely on rainfall. This chapter examines the agricultural practices of the people of the Kurinji landscape, which was classified as vanpulam (hard or dry land). Unlike the menpulam (fertile land) and kalar nilam (saline land) found in the Mullai, Marutham and Neithal landscapes. Hence, the chapter explores the distinctive farming methods adopted by the inhabitants of the Kurinji landscape in response to its unique ecological conditions.
Keywords: Tamils, Sangam Period, Vanpulakurinji, Agricultural Fertility.
12. திறனாய்வு நோக்கில் இருள்வ மௌத்திகம்
முனைவர் தி. சங்கீதா
Irulva Mouthigam in a Critical Perspective
Dr. T. Sangeetha
Abstract
In the literary history of Tamil, the short story occupies a position of considerable significance. Konangi is recognised as a writer who evinces a profound social consciousness and who successfully undertook various experimental ventures within the structural framework of fiction. The present article is grounded in the short story "Irulva Mouthigam" which appears in his collection Vellarip Pen (The Cucumber Woman). This particular short story is distinguished by its masterful synthesis of multiple mythological narratives that have, over time, come to embody the oppression experienced by women across different historical periods. The stories of Kannaki, Palaiyanur Nili, Tarai and Karaikkal Ammaiyar are interwoven into a narrative framework and demonstrate Konangi's exceptional narrative skill and imaginative sophistication. In this manner, Konangi's literary work celebrates the power of women who constitute that half of humanity traditionally marginalised by society by foregrounding their capacity to manifest as a subtle yet, when necessity demands, immensely potent force. Hence, this article illuminates the realities of women and to foreground the multifaceted challenges that pervade their existential condition. Besides, the aim of the article is to highlight the strengths and personalities of oppressed women and the context and manner in which they are manifested in the work.
Keywords: Irulva Mouthigam, Konangi, Critical Approach, Descriptive Criticism.
13. இடக்கை நாவலில் விளிம்புநிலை மக்களின் வாழ்க்கைச் சித்தரிப்பு
திருமதி ரா. சத்தியசீலா / முனைவர் அ. வளர்மதி
Representation of the Lives of Marginalized Communities in the Novel Idakkai
Mrs. R. Sathiyasheela / Dr. A. Valarmathi
Abstract
Tamil literature has recorded the lives and culture of various sections of society. Especially, the literature portrays the lives of marginalised people, their economic situation and social exclusion. Various aspects such as caste and gender-based oppression, inequality in education and employment have occupied an important place in Tamil literature. Such works reveal the hidden truths of society and strengthen the ideas of humanity, equality and social justice. The marginalised people live in a backward position in the social system due to various reasons. Their daily life struggles, beliefs, cultural identities and voices for rights have been vividly depicted in literature. Such depictions greatly help in understanding the true state of society and in developing the thought of creating an equal society. Hence, this study focuses on the suffering of marginalised people who have been denied justice and on the lives of ordinary people in S. Ramakrishnan’s novel "Idakai". The pathetic condition of marginalised people is depicted in this novel. The sufferings inflicted on them has ben portrayed clearly. Thus, this article also reveals the depiction of lives of marginalized people through the novel "Idakai", such as discrimination against the third gender and the atrocities inflicted on people in power are also revealed in this article.
Keywords: S.Ramakrishnan, Idakai, Marginalized People, Denied Justice, Transgender Status, Caste Oppression, Poverty.
14. தமிழ் அணி இலக்கண வரலாறு
சீ. சத்தியா / முனைவர் சு. பார்வதி
History of Tamil Ani Grammar
S. Sathiya / Dr. S. Parvathi
Abstract
The existence of numerous grammatical and literary works in Tamil from the pre-historical period is evident from the ancient literary and grammatical texts still in current use. The literary compositions produced in the Tamil language are incalculable in number. In response to this vast corpus, several grammatical treatises emerged that sought to systematise, analyse, and codify the rules governing these literary expressions. A close examination of these grammatical works reveals that Tamil grammar has flourished over time, expanding through the addition of new and distinct branches of inquiry. Among the grammatical works currently available, the Tolkappiyam stands as the most ancient. Although it presents grammar under three principal divisions—ezuttu (orthography), col (morphology and syntax), and porul (content and poetics)—it also serves as the foundational source and the earliest text for all subsequent grammatical divisions that later developed into independent disciplines. Among the fully extant grammatical texts that treat ani (figure of speech) as a distinct chapter, the Tolkappiyam and the Viracoliyam are the earliest. It was the later grammarians who separated ani into an independent discipline and formulated its grammatical rules systematically. The Viracoliyam, which remains in current usage today, stands as the first evidence of Tamil grammar having evolved into a fivefold system, as it devotes a complete chapter exclusively to figurative grammar. Though there is evidence that several works solely dedicated to ani ilakkanam flourished with distinction even prior to the Viracoliyam, these texts are no longer available to us in their complete form. After the Viracoliyam, several works on figurative grammar emerged and thrived, including the Tanti Alankaram, Maran Alankaram, Ilakkana Vilakkam, and Tonnul Vilakkam. Hence, the research study investigates the history of Tamil Ani grammar with its various subdivisions and transformations and presents these findings to the contemporary academic community.
Keywords: Tamil, Ani Grammar, Figures of Speech, Figurative Grammar Development.
15. நற்றிணை குறிஞ்சித்திணையில் பூக்கள்
முனைவர் கு. ர. சரளா
Flowers in Natrinai Kurinchithinai
Dr. K. R. Sarala
Abstract
In the life of people during the Sangam period, they were divided into two groups, Akam and Puram. The Sangam literatures such as Etutyam and Patupat are meant to explain various aspects of politics, society, economy etc. In Sangha literature, they are classified as Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal, Balai in the context of the theory. Tolkappiyam is the traditional grammar in Tamil. Atholkapiyam says that the predicate, theme, and epithet are the senses of the epithets. Kurinji for hill and hilly place, sea and sea place for Neital, field and field place for Marutham, forest and forest place for Mullai. Kurinji and Mulla system is twisted and called Balai. The natural products of these lands, diets, trees, plants, and vines have been classified as primary and thematic. Morals of love are adjectives. The five disciplines are common to each of the lands, such as Purnathal. The first is land and time. Themes are woven into human life, with natural environments as the backdrop. Of the eight texts, five treatise on love and two treatise on war. Another book is about love and war. In the book that talks about memorization, there are five names: Narinai, Kurundogai, Five hundred, Kalidiya, Agananuru. Looking at each of the literary songs in the Naritaina Kurinjithinai, it can be seen that the nature legends and natural interests studied in Abpadal are predominant. The life and thoughts of the people can be seen reflected in a small part of the dominant natural element. Land is the source of people's life in harmony with nature. The reason was that they had defined time as small time and big time. Predicting the season like fall season, pre-snow season and the life of the people is identified with the source of tree, plant and vine growth. In this article on Flowers in Naritaina Kurinchithinai.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Flowers, Natrinai, Kurinchithinai.
16. குறுந்தொகை குறிஞ்சித் திணைப் பாடல்களில் புலப்படும் உவமை நயம்
முனைவர் இரா. சித்திரவேலு
Simile and Aesthetic Sensibility in the Kurinji Poems of the Kuṟuntokai
Dr. R. Chitravelu
Abstract
A simile is a linguistic device inherently understood and recognised by all human beings. It is for this reason that similes are employed not only in poetry but also in prose and everyday speech. This usage may be attributed to two principal reasons. In prose and conversational discourse, the simile serves to facilitate the clear comprehension of the listener of the speaker's intended meaning. This study elucidates unfamiliar images through familiar images and renders clear communication more effective and accessible to all. Secondly, similes are also deployed for aesthetic purposes. They are used to enhance the beauty and lyrical quality of poetic expression. E.g. the illustration "the tiger resembles a cat" exemplifies how a well-known creature is used to describe the appearance of a less familiar one to get clarity through comparative reference. This study examines the figurative language in the similes found in the poems of Kurinji land by the Kuruntokai in the Sangam literary corpus. These poems draw upon a rich array of natural imagery, such as green landscapes, romantic emotions, flowers, animals, birds, and water, to create a poetic effect through similes. The objective of the study is to analyse the various classifications of similes present in these Kurinji poems. It also evinces literary applications and the poetic intentions that the ancient poets sought to achieve through their employment of similes in their poems. Thus, this article demonstrates that similes are ornamental figures of speech and serve as reflections of the experiences of the people, their ecological sensibilities and the intellectual life of the Sangam people.
Keywords: Simile, Aesthetic Sensibility, Kurinji Poems, Kuṟuntokai.
17. குறுந் தொகையில் உரிப்பொருள் கட்டமைப்பு
மா. சீத்தாராமன் / முனைவர் சா. சுஜாதா
The Structure of Uripporul in Kuruntokai
M. Seetharaman / Dr. S. Sujatha
Abstract
This paper examines the structural modalities of uripporul as manifested in the poems of Kuruntokai. It is an anthology of classical Tamil love lyrics. The framework of Cankam akam poetry comprises mutal (objective setting), karu (imagery and motif) and uripporul (subjective emotion), which emerge as the vital principles that animate poetic composition. They assume a primary role in articulating the successive phases of love-consciousness. The study delineates that uripporul is systematically configured across the five tinai landscapes such as kurinci, mullai, marutam, neytal and palai into five distinct affective states, namely, union (punartal), separation (pirital), patient waiting (irutal), sulking (utal), and lamentation (irankal). The theoretical insights of Tolkappiyam's meyppattiyal (grammar of emotional expression), Aristotle's Poetics, Coleridge's theory of imagination, Saussurean structuralism, and Roman Jakobson's linguistic functions are used in the paper for a critical analysis of the literary form and linguistic structure of the Kuruntokai poems. So, the central objective of this study is to investigate how uripporul undergoes differentiated articulation upon the status of the speaker and addressee (kuruvor-ketpor). Within the domain of clandestine love (kalavolukkam) as depicted in Kuruntokai, the study examines the ancient conventions that govern the initial encounter between the hero and the heroine, the confidante's act of deterring the hero from seeking formal marriage and the nocturnal tryst (iravukkuri) as narrative devices through which the ethical and emotional complexities of ancient Tamil domestic life are rendered manifest. Hence, the paper concludes that the structural configurations of uripporul vary with the respective tinai, while being modulated by the gender, social position and temporal framework of the speaking voices.
Keywords: Kurunthogai, Uripporul, Language Structure, Green Tribunal.
18. ஆரூரர் தன்னனுபவத்தின்வழி இறை நிரூபணம்
திருமதி து. சுபஸ்ரீ / முனைவர் இரா. மணிமேகலை
Arurar's Witness of God through Personal Experience
Mrs. D. Subashree / Dr. R. Manimegalai
Abstract
Nambiyarurar is traditionally known as Vanthondar and Sundarar and he occupies a distinguished position as one of the three principal Tevaram saints of the Tamil Saiva Bhakti tradition. According to the Periyapuranam, his spiritual journey began when Lord Siva claimed him as His devotee at Thiruvennainallur by producing an ancient palm-leaf deed. This phenomenon in his life transformed his life into divine service. Thereafter, Nambiyarurar undertook pilgrimages to numerous sacred Saiva shrines and composed sacred Pathigams that express his intimate relationship with the Divine. Unlike philosophical expositions, his hymns are rooted in live spiritual experience by portraying the Lord as a compassionate companion, master, benefactor and protector who intervenes in every part of human life. His devotional poetry records divine grace as an active and personal reality rather than a mere theological concept. Hence, this study argues that Nambiyarurar's Tevaram establishes, through experiential testimony, the Divine as a loving, benevolent presence that continually nurtures and guides all living beings.
Keywords: Arurar, Lord, Thevaram, Personal, Spiritual Experience.
19. சு. காந்திதுரையின் சிறுகதைகள் காட்டும் பெண்ணிய சிந்தனைகள்
மு. சுமதி / முனைவர் மு. கலாமாரி
Feminist Thoughts Shown in the Short Stories of Su. Gandhidurai
M. Sumathi / Dr. M. Kalamari
Abstract
This paper examines the structural modalities of uripporul as manifested in the poems of Kuruntokai. It is an anthology of classical Tamil love lyrics. The framework of Cankam akam poetry comprises mutal (objective setting), karu (imagery and motif) and uripporul (subjective emotion), which emerge as the vital principles that animate poetic composition. They assume a primary role in articulating the successive phases of love-consciousness. The study delineates that uripporul is systematically configured across the five tinai landscapes such as kurinci, mullai, marutam, neytal and palai into five distinct affective states, namely, union (punartal), separation (pirital), patient waiting (irutal), sulking (utal), and lamentation (irankal). The theoretical insights of Tolkappiyam's meyppattiyal (grammar of emotional expression), Aristotle's Poetics, Coleridge's theory of imagination, Saussurean structuralism, and Roman Jakobson's linguistic functions are used in the paper for a critical analysis of the literary form and linguistic structure of the Kuruntokai poems. So, the central objective of this study is to investigate how uripporul undergoes differentiated articulation upon the status of the speaker and addressee (kuruvor-ketpor). Within the domain of clandestine love (kalavolukkam) as depicted in Kuruntokai, the study examines the ancient conventions that govern the initial encounter between the hero and the heroine, the confidante's act of deterring the hero from seeking formal marriage and the nocturnal tryst (iravukkuri) as narrative devices through which the ethical and emotional complexities of ancient Tamil domestic life are rendered manifest. Hence, the paper concludes that the structural configurations of uripporul vary with the respective tinai, while being modulated by the gender, social position and temporal framework of the speaking voices.
Keywords: Su. Gandhithurai, Short Stories, Feminism, Women in the Family.
20. எஸ். இராமகிருஷ்ணனின் சிறுகதைகளில் பெண்ணியச் சிந்தனைகள்
ரா. சுமித்ரா / முனைவர் அ. வளர்மதி
Feminist Perspectives in the Short Stories of S. Ramakrishnan
R. Sumithra / Dr. A. Valarmathi
Abstract
The writer S. Ramakrishnan addresses women's rights, freedom, and equality across various contexts in his short stories. Notably, a society that elevates the dignity of women is deemed truly progressive. In the contemporary era driven by technological advancements, women are advancing dynamically in diverse fields, standing on equal footing with—and at times, surpassing—men. Feminism, fundamentally, ought to bring transformative shifts and empowerment to women's lives. Changes in human life, inherently tied to the earth, evolve continuously over time. Consequently, various intellectual movements have emerged to reshape human thought, among which 'Feminism' is globally the most prominent today. Although a woman is often portrayed with a multifaceted identity, society is frequently hesitant to completely embrace it. Despite the stance that 'women are equal to men,' women continue to be marginalized and pushed backward in certain realms. This research paper thus aims to investigate the potent capabilities and inherent strength of women through a critical analysis of S. Ramakrishnan's short stories.
Keywords: Identity, Plight, Women, Social Perspective, S. Ramakrishnan, Short Stories.
21. திருக்குறளில் கடல்: காட்சியும் கருத்தும்
முனைவர் அ. சேவியர் ஜான்
The Sea in Thirukkural: Vision and Concept
Dr. A. Xavier John
Abstract
Thiruvalluvar demonstrates an understanding of the natural environment that encompasses land, soil, water, mountains, forests, rivers and the sea. These components of nature are employed as meaningful metaphors that illuminate ethical principles, human behaviour, governance, and social relationships rather than functioning as mere descriptive elements throughout the didactic treatise Thirukkural. His intellectual knowledge of ecological processes reflects careful observation of the physical world and reveals an integrated vision in which nature and human life are inseparable. This study is based on the hypothesis that Thiruvalluvar's ecological awareness enriches both the visual imagery and the narrative structure of the couplets of Thirukkural. By examining the use of natural landscapes and environmental phenomena by the poet, the article argues that his eco-centric knowledge strengthens the interpretative depth of the couplets and makes abstract moral concepts more vivid and accessible. It highlights the environmental consciousness found within classical Tamil literary thought.
Keywords: Tirukkural, Thiruvalluvar, Sea, Ocean, Birth, Moral Life.
22. பதினெண்கீழ்க்கணக்கு நூல்களில் வாழ்வியல் அறங்கள்
முனைவர் ச. திவ்யபாரதி
Life Virtues in Pathinenkeelkanakku Texts
Dr. S. Divyabharathi
Abstract
Tamil literature spans a vast expanse from the Sangam period to the modern era. These works depict both the inner and outer lives of people, with a focus on marriage in the Sangam period. The Sangam literature illustrates all aspects of life, such as the economy, war, governance, food, and customs. Among these, the Pathinenkeelkanakku texts especially convey ideas that are essential for human life. The Pathinenkeelkanakku texts were composed to teach moral conduct during a period when people deviated from their ethical ways and acted improperly. During this "dark age," when people turned away from moral discipline, didactic texts emerged to oppose evil practices, such as drinking liquor and eating meat, and to guide both the people and the kings onto the righteous path. This kind of Dark Age led to the emergence of didactic texts. In the Dark Age, people's golden way of life changed, and the influence of Jainism and Buddhism grew. In this situation, Buddhists created didactic texts to teach moral principles. This period itself is called the "Golden Age." Hence, this article conves the moral ideas needed for society through this literature.
Keywords: Tamil Literature, Pathinenkeelkanakku, Life, Virtues.
23. கலாச்சாரப் பழக்க வழக்கங்களும் பெண்ணுரிமை மீறல்களும்
பா. திவ்யபாரதி / முனைவர் மா. மீனாட்சி சுந்தரம்
Cultural Practices and Violations of Women's Rights
P. Divya Bharathi / Dr. M. Meenakshi Sundaram
Abstract
Culture and tradition not only shape a society's identity but are also deeply intertwined with the livelihoods of its members. These cultural beliefs are not uniformly applied to both men and women within the community; rather, they impose certain cultural restrictions on men and distinct sets of constraints on women. Among these, women are disproportionately affected compared to men. Superstitious cultural practices are so deeply embedded in women's lives that they often compel women to forget themselves. Although this situation has undergone a partial transformation in recent times, women across all strata of society have not yet secured their full rights. In particular, rural women and those belonging to the lower socioeconomic classes continue to be deprived of even basic freedoms. Only when women gain access to freedom and education on par with men can complete women's empowerment be achieved. This article aims to examine the violations of women's rights arising from various cultural factors, including dowry, gender discrimination, educational disparities, domestic burdens, childbearing, and forced marriage.
Keywords: Culture, Tradition, Education, Freedom, Women's Rights.