Volume - 9, Issue - 1, July 2026
தொகுதி - 9, இதழ் - 1, ஜீலை 2026
Articles 1 - 39
வாழ்த்துரை
தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியத்திற்காக எமது தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியப் பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் (IJTLLS) தம் இலக்கிய மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி அரும்பணியைச் செய்து வருகின்றது. இது எமது ஒன்பதாம் தொகுதியின் முதல் இதழாகும். இவ்வகையான சிறந்த ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகளின் ஆய்வுத்தொகுப்பினை ஆய்வாளர்களுக்கு வழங்குவதில் ஆனந்தமடைகிறேன். ஆய்வாளர்களின் அனைத்து கட்டுரைகளையும் ஆய்வு நெறிமுறைகளின்படி தணிக்கைச் செய்து மதிப்புரை வழங்கி செம்மைப்படுத்தி தமிழ் மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியப் பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் (IJTLLS) இணையத்தில் பிரசுரம் செய்து உள்ளது. எதிர்காலத்தில் தமிழ் ஆராய்ச்சிகளை உலக அரங்கத்திற்கு எடுத்துச் செல்ல ஓர் ஆய்வுக்களமாக எமது இதழ் செயல்பட்டு வருகிறது. அதற்கு உறுதுணை அளித்த அனைவருக்கும்நன்றி.
- பதிப்பாசிரியர்
1. இடைச்சுரப் பாடல்களில் தலைவனின் உணர்வு மேலாண்மை
சொ. நே. அறிவுமதி / முனைவர் அ. கவிதா ராணி
Emotional Management of the Hero in Idaichura Songs
S. N. Arivumathi / Dr. A. Kavitha Rani
Abstract
Sangam Literature is often referred to as emotional literature. The rich portrayal of human emotions is the foundation of the Sangam poems. This article analyses the emotional management of the hero (Thalaivan) portrayed in the love poems of the Palai landscape from Sangam literature, based on the principles outlined by John D. Mayer, David R. Caruso, and Peter Salovey within the model of emotional intelligence. This paper reviewed the statements of the hero speaking in the middle of the dry forest who is on his way to earn for his family. There are 44 such poems in the Sangam Literature. These poems speak of the hero's mental struggles stemming from his parting with his wife (or lover) under ethical and financial pressure. In this paper, which views the hero's emotional management skills, we see that the hero can identify his and their impact on the situation and his needs, and he deals with them based on the situation and his needs. He also understands the heroine's emotional state and handles his and hers with subtlety. This shows his emotional management skills. Emotional balance, Emotional discipline, Emotional staging, Emotional understanding, Self-management of emotions, and management of others' emotions are considered the key steps in Emotional Management. Moreover, this article analyses these steps through the Hero's character.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Emotional Management, Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Balance.
2. இனவரைவியல் நோக்கில் காணிப் பழங்குடியினரின் தெய்வ வழிபாட்டு முறைகள்
கௌ. அஸ்வதிபூஜா / முனைவர் நே. நிஷாநேவிஸ்
Deities and Worship Methods of the Kaani Tribes in an Ethnographic Perspective
G. Aswathypooja / Dr. N. Nisha Navis
Abstract
This research paper aims to extensively study the deity worship practices and ritual traditions of the tribal Kani community. The Kani system of deity worship has evolved against the backdrop of nature worship. The worship of Kaalattu Thampuran as the protector of the settlement is observed. This explains the male deity worship tradition related to the boundary protection of the Kani settlement. The worship of Pechiyamman, symbolizing mother goddess worship, is also found. The worship of Sastha is observed as a symbol of justice and dharma. This study discusses in detail the main ritual of the Kani people, Koduthi Pooja. Koduthi Pooja is observed as a collective worship conducted for the welfare of the Kani settlement, for good yield, and for disease removal. They believed that mountain, rain, water, and tree are the abodes of deities. Muthan worship and Kaavu worship have become their deities of faith. The reasons for this are also presented in this study.
Keywords: Kaani People, Nature Worship, Koduthi Pooja Rituals, Festivals, Pechiyamman Worship, Sastha Worship.
3. தமிழ் சூழலியல் புதினங்களில் உற்பத்திச் சூழலமைவுகள்
முனைவர் மு. அஜீத் குமார்
Production Ecosystems in Tamil Ecological Novels
Dr. M. Ajith kumar
Abstract
Literature presents us with concepts rooted in various theoretical frameworks. To facilitate the identification of such concepts, numerous theories have been introduced to the world by various scholars over the past few centuries. Among these, ecological theories also hold a prominent place. These ecological theories have emerged in the mid-18th century and continue to remain active and become influential to this day. So, they undergo constant innovation and adaptation in response to environmental changes. Literature, whether explicitly or implicitly, articulates concepts derived from such theories. This remains an enduring principle, consistent across the entire spectrum of Tamil literature-from the ancient Sangam era to the modern period. In this context, literary works abound with narratives depicting instances that adversely affect or pollute the natural environment. The genre of the novel, too, aligns itself with this tradition. After Indian independence, the Indian government focused its efforts mainly on conserving natural resources and enhancing industrial productivity. The impact of these initiatives is clearly reflected in literature. Many Tamil novels represent the ecological concerns related to it. In their pursuit of maximising productivity, insufficient attention was paid to the imperative of safeguarding the natural environment. Tamil novels serve as the medium that document such unbearable realities. Nevertheless, this article explores and analyses these specific ecological themes in the select Tamil novels.
Keywords: Tamil Novels, Production, Ecology, Destruction, Pollution.
4. திருக்குறள் வலியுறுத்தும் மன அறம்
முனைவர் ரா. ஆனந்தி
Moral Values Emphased by Thirukkural
Dr. R. Anandhi
Abstract
In worldly life, the combination of love and knowledge is the way to achieve the benefits of human birth. Thiruvalluvar focuses on virtue and analyses the combined intellectual and loving actions of both men and women. Poiyamozhiyar, who emphasises home life as the basis of virtue, firmly states that "life is life that is based on virtue." Thus, home life is not only the ideal for individual fulfilment; it is also the foundation for social peace and development. Since love helps maintain relationships and intellectual problems are addressed, the joint action of these two creates opportunities for well-being in worldly life. Maintaining ethics at all levels, whether husband-wife, parents-children, relatives-neighbours, becomes the law that drives virtue in everyone's life. Furthermore, love and knowledge do not remain mere principles but are transformed into true virtue when they are applied in practical life. The characteristics such as generosity, charity, compassion, responsibility and honesty are cultivated from the home. In this way, when a person realises his duties and acts, individual and public welfare are integrated, and the purpose of birth is fulfilled. That is why Valluvar shows the home as the abode of virtue and proclaims that a virtuous life is one in which people live and flow through it. Therefore, a home life full of knowledge and love is the foundation for lasting happiness, peace, and progress of human society. This article will examine such ideas through the lens of Thirukkural.
Keywords: Thirukkural, Virtue, Mind, Impurity, Deceitfulness.
5. கோடீச்சுர கோவையில் அகப்பொருள் துறை வளர்ச்சி
முனைவா் ம. இராமகிருஷ்ணன்
Development of the Internal Affairs in Kodeeshvara Kovai
Dr. M. Ramakrishnan
Abstract
The term 'sitrilakkiyam' (minor literary genre) in contemporary Tamil usage corresponds to the Sanskrit term 'prabandham', which literally means 'well-constructed' or 'systematically composed.' These compositions have served as an effectve medium through which poets articulate their devotion, gratitude and aesthetic sensibilities. Over time, more than a hundred such minor literary forms have emerged in Tamil, among which Antati, Pillaittamil, Satakam, Kovai, Ula, Kalampakam, Tootu, Pallu, Atruppaṭai, Kuravanci, and Parani are particularly celebrated. Among these, the kovai genre holds a prominent position, particularly due to its intrinsic connection to the akapporul (interior/romantic) tradition of Tamil poetics. The kovai compositions portray the conventional thematic elements (turais) and dialogic forms (kilavikal) of love poetry and extoll the virtues of the hero (pattutai talaivan). Kodeeshvara Kovai emerges as an important work that exemplifies the classification of akapporul categories and their evolutionary trajectories. The work delineates the romantic interactions, speech acts and contextual settings between the hero and heroine as stipulated by the grammatical traditions of the agathinai framework. The theoretical foundations laid down in the Tolkappiyam were successively elaborated upon in later canonical commentaries such as Iraiyanar Agapporul and Nampi Agapporul. This research paper aims to investigate the growth of the akapporul categories with particular focus on how new tuṟais were incorporated in response to the aesthetic and social contexts. It analyses the proliferation of these categories across canonical and post-canonical periods and illuminate the interplay between fixed grammatical convention and creative literary practice in the Tamil poetic tradition. Thus, the study aids to the clear understanding of the minor literary canon's role to preserve and advance the intellectual heritage of Tamil literary culture.
Keywords: Minor Literary Genre, Development, Internal Affairs, Kodeeshvara Kovai.
6. தண்ணிழல் காப்பியத்தில் வீரயுக மரபுகள்
முனைவர் க. இராமதுரை
Heroic Traditions in the Epic Thannizhal
Dr. G. Ramadurai
Abstract
Epic studies are intertwined with the experiences of the people. The evolution of the epic tradition continues to progress in the contemporary period of Tamil Literature. For this inquiry, the epic Thannizhal has been selected for the study and it encompasses thematic dimensions such as friendship, generosity, valour, martial strategy, statecraft, righteous anger, territorial prosperity, and the distinctive glory of the realm. The article aims to analyse the following aspects such as the genesis of the epic form, its generic classifications, the nature of literary epic, the theoretical frameworks underlying Tamil epic poetry, the general characteristics shared by epic conventions, the postulates about the Heroic Age, comparative perspectives on Heroic Age theories advanced by other scholars, and the treatment of munificence and martial prowess within the epic narrative. This study undertakes to elucidate the nature of epics in general and the theoretical framework of the Heroic Age and the inherited traditions of that epoch. The descriptive and analytical method constitutes the fundamental methodological approach adopted for this investigation. Hence, the constituent elements of the Heroic Age, warfare and the ethical precepts in the epic have been subjected to the scrutiny and supported by substantiating data from the epic.
Keywords: Thannizhal, Heroic Age, Wars, Virtue, Intrigue, Deceit.
7. கீதாரி புதினம் கட்டமைக்கும் சமூகம்
முனைவர் சு. இளமாறன்
Portrayal of Society in the Novel Geethari
Dr. S. Elamaran
Abstract
The term 'sitrilakkiyam' (minor literary genre) in contemporary Tamil usage corresponds to the Sanskrit term 'prabandham', which literally means 'well-constructed' or 'systematically composed.' These compositions have served as an effectve medium through which poets articulate their devotion, gratitude and aesthetic sensibilities. Over time, more than a hundred such minor literary forms have emerged in Tamil, among which Antati, Pillaittamil, Satakam, Kovai, Ula, Kalampakam, Tootu, Pallu, Atruppaṭai, Kuravanci, and Parani are particularly celebrated. Among these, the kovai genre holds a prominent position, particularly due to its intrinsic connection to the akapporul (interior/romantic) tradition of Tamil poetics. The kovai compositions portray the conventional thematic elements (turais) and dialogic forms (kilavikal) of love poetry and extoll the virtues of the hero (pattutai talaivan). Kodeeshvara Kovai emerges as an important work that exemplifies the classification of akapporul categories and their evolutionary trajectories. The work delineates the romantic interactions, speech acts and contextual settings between the hero and heroine as stipulated by the grammatical traditions of the agathinai framework. The theoretical foundations laid down in the Tolkappiyam were successively elaborated upon in later canonical commentaries such as Iraiyanar Agapporul and Nampi Agapporul. This research paper aims to investigate the growth of the akapporul categories with particular focus on how new tuṟais were incorporated in response to the aesthetic and social contexts. It analyses the proliferation of these categories across canonical and post-canonical periods and illuminate the interplay between fixed grammatical convention and creative literary practice in the Tamil poetic tradition. Thus, the study aids to the clear understanding of the minor literary canon's role to preserve and advance the intellectual heritage of Tamil literary culture.
Keywords: Minor Literary Genre, Development, Internal Affairs, Kodeeshvara Kovai.
8. தொழில்சார் உளவியல் பார்வையில் சு. தமிழ்ச்செல்வியின் மாந்தர் படைப்பு
கோ. உமாமகேஸ்வரி / முனைவர் மு. கண்ணையன்
Su. Tamilselvi's Portrayal of Characters from the Perspective of Occupational Psychology
G. Umamaheshwari / Dr. M. Kannaiyan
Abstract
Art and literature are deeply connected with the people. They originate from the lives of people and emerge from the various facets of daily life. They serve to highlight both the virtues and vices inherent in human life. Literature is a form of art. Indeed, all other art forms may be viewed as manifestations or alternative expressions of literature, which itself evolved from a mastery of language. Human life is full of countless cultural practices, linguistic markers, folkloric traditions and historical narratives. Literature captures and records these elements in its own way. It is the duty of all people to ensure that these records of literature are transmitted across generations. At every level of human existence, there exists a distinct psychological dimension. This psychological aspect may be described as a symbolic form that mirrors human actions and behaviours. Periodically, various literary works, such as short stories and novels, serve to reflect these psychological markers. Many contemporary writers view it as their primary duty to chronicle the simple, everyday lives of ordinary people. The protagonists of their stories are predominantly members of the working class. These writers centre their narratives around the psychological nuances and expressions associated with the specific occupations of these working-class individuals. Hence, each story serves to foreground the lives of people within diverse social and economic strata. Su. Tamilselvi is a distinguished writer of the new generation, renowned for her exceptional creative skill. The settings for her stories are predominantly the local people inhabited by the working class. It may be the sea, the land, industrial factories, roadways, the lowlands of agrarian fields, or red-soil brick-making factories. Su. Tamilselvi is a literary artist who portrays both the specific sites where people toil amidst hardship and the working-class individuals who labour within them. This article examines the character portrayals featured in her stories, as well as the occupational psychology of the individuals depicted in the stories.
Keywords: Tamil Literature, Su. Tamilselvi, Characters, Occupational Psychology.
9. நாட்டார் வாழ்வில் முருக வழிபாட்டு நம்பிக்கைகள் செலுத்தும் ஆளுமை
ஜெ. கவிதா / முனைவர் மா. மீனாட்சி சுந்தரம்
Role and Impact of Murugan Devotional Practices in Shaping Nattar Life
J. Kavitha / Dr. M. Meenakshi Sundaram
Abstract
In the folk (Nattar) worship of Lord Murugan, religious belief play a vital role in creating, perpetuating and transmitting devotional practices across generations. The priests (poosari), ritual oracles (samiyadigal), and soothsayers (kurisolpavarkal) work as traditional lineage-based ritual leaders and congregational devotee groups. These mediators support the religious faith of the people and preserve the ritual traditions and cultural values of the society. Their activities affirm the spiritual identity of rural folk and disseminate devotion to Lord Murugan through various ritual observances, temple worship, festival celebrations, penance offerings (nerttikkatan) and protection (kaval kattal). This study presents a comprehensive examination of the influential figures who shape the belief systems in Murugan worship among the folk (Nattar), their social influence and their role in the continuity of folk spiritual culture. This study elucidates how spiritual beliefs contribute to social unity, religious sensibility and the preservation of traditions. In particular, the study highlights the manner in which religious convictions transcend generational gaps to become integrated with the everyday lives of the people. It reinforces cultural identity and communal integration. Hence, this study affirms that the folk tradition of Murugan worship is not merely a collection of religious rituals; rather, it constitutes a comprehensive cultural system that encompasses a community's collective faith, cultural continuity and lived experiential realities.
Keywords: Nattar, Murugan Worship, Beliefs, Folk Culture, Folk Life.
10. தாயுமானவர் பாடல்களில் உவமைச் சிறப்புகள்
த. கற்பகவல்லி / முனைவர் ச. பிரியா
The Allegorical Qualities in the Songs of Thayumanavar
T. Karpagavalli / Dr. S. Priya
Abstract
Among the Tamil mystic poets of the eighteenth century, Thayumanavar has a distinctive position, and his songs are valuable poetic compositions. They are the records of his spiritual experience. The songs embody the philosophical tenets of Saiva Siddhanta, the manifold emotions of human existence, and the soul's benevolent journey towards the realisation of the divine. Thayumanavar employs natural imagery and common objects of everyday perception as analogies to describe the ineffable experience of the divine in a manner that is both accessible and meaningful. Just as clouds pour forth rain to enrich the earth, so too does divine grace descend upon souls to render them in fruitful union with god. As the sun dispels darkness and bestows light, wisdom erases ignorance from the mortal man. Like the serene radiance of the moon cools the heart, the contemplation of the divine pacifies the mind of man. Indeed, the ocean is immeasurable in both depth and breadth; divine grace is boundless for the devotee. The merging of rivers into the ocean serves as a clear metaphor for the union of the individual soul with the Supreme Being by signifying spiritual perfection. Further, Thayumanavar articulates that, just as gold is refined and purified by fire, so does the divine purify souls through trials; as a magnet attracts iron, so does divine grace draw souls towards itself. These references to the soul and the divine inform his poetic compositions. The songs of Thayumanavar transform all natural phenomena and life experiences into spiritual lessons. Through analogy, he renders elevated philosophical concepts intelligible to the common people. His works illuminate profound truths through accessible imagery and metaphor in Tamil literature. So, this article aims to examine the metaphorical qualities seen in Thayumanavar's songs and explore their deeper significance and their role in both devotional practice and philosophical discourse.
Keywords: Tamil, Devotional Literature, Thayumanavar, Allegory, spirituality.
11. வன்புலக் குறிஞ்சியும் வேளாண் வளமும்
ஆ. காயத்ரி / முனைவர் மு. கவிதா
Vanpulakurinji and Agricultural Fertility
A. Gayathri / Dr. M. Kavitha
Abstract
Agriculture is considered the backbone of a nation. It is said that farming began when people transitioned from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to tribal groups by cultivating their own lands. During the Sangam period, people practised agriculture work across the five distinct landscapes such as Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal and Paalai. Different crops were cultivated in each region with the thge aid of natural environment and seasonal cycles that play key roles in enhancing agricultural production. The ancient Tamils were pioneers in agriculture. They were experts in thorough ploughing, land preparation, the careful selection of seeds, the application of agricultural knowledge, or the development of irrigation techniques. Agriculture in the Kurinji region depended entirely on rainfall. This chapter examines the agricultural practices of the people of the Kurinji landscape, which was classified as vanpulam (hard or dry land). Unlike the menpulam (fertile land) and kalar nilam (saline land) found in the Mullai, Marutham and Neithal landscapes. Hence, the chapter explores the distinctive farming methods adopted by the inhabitants of the Kurinji landscape in response to its unique ecological conditions.
Keywords: Tamils, Sangam Period, Vanpulakurinji, Agricultural Fertility.
12. திறனாய்வு நோக்கில் இருள்வ மௌத்திகம்
முனைவர் தி. சங்கீதா
Irulva Mouthigam in a Critical Perspective
Dr. T. Sangeetha
Abstract
In the literary history of Tamil, the short story occupies a position of considerable significance. Konangi is recognised as a writer who evinces a profound social consciousness and who successfully undertook various experimental ventures within the structural framework of fiction. The present article is grounded in the short story "Irulva Mouthigam" which appears in his collection Vellarip Pen (The Cucumber Woman). This particular short story is distinguished by its masterful synthesis of multiple mythological narratives that have, over time, come to embody the oppression experienced by women across different historical periods. The stories of Kannaki, Palaiyanur Nili, Tarai and Karaikkal Ammaiyar are interwoven into a narrative framework and demonstrate Konangi's exceptional narrative skill and imaginative sophistication. In this manner, Konangi's literary work celebrates the power of women who constitute that half of humanity traditionally marginalised by society by foregrounding their capacity to manifest as a subtle yet, when necessity demands, immensely potent force. Hence, this article illuminates the realities of women and to foreground the multifaceted challenges that pervade their existential condition. Besides, the aim of the article is to highlight the strengths and personalities of oppressed women and the context and manner in which they are manifested in the work.
Keywords: Irulva Mouthigam, Konangi, Critical Approach, Descriptive Criticism.
13. இடக்கை நாவலில் விளிம்புநிலை மக்களின் வாழ்க்கைச் சித்தரிப்பு
திருமதி ரா. சத்தியசீலா / முனைவர் அ. வளர்மதி
Representation of the Lives of Marginalized Communities in the Novel Idakkai
Mrs. R. Sathiyasheela / Dr. A. Valarmathi
Abstract
Tamil literature has recorded the lives and culture of various sections of society. Especially, the literature portrays the lives of marginalised people, their economic situation and social exclusion. Various aspects such as caste and gender-based oppression, inequality in education and employment have occupied an important place in Tamil literature. Such works reveal the hidden truths of society and strengthen the ideas of humanity, equality and social justice. The marginalised people live in a backward position in the social system due to various reasons. Their daily life struggles, beliefs, cultural identities and voices for rights have been vividly depicted in literature. Such depictions greatly help in understanding the true state of society and in developing the thought of creating an equal society. Hence, this study focuses on the suffering of marginalised people who have been denied justice and on the lives of ordinary people in S. Ramakrishnan’s novel "Idakai". The pathetic condition of marginalised people is depicted in this novel. The sufferings inflicted on them has ben portrayed clearly. Thus, this article also reveals the depiction of lives of marginalized people through the novel "Idakai", such as discrimination against the third gender and the atrocities inflicted on people in power are also revealed in this article.
Keywords: S.Ramakrishnan, Idakai, Marginalized People, Denied Justice, Transgender Status, Caste Oppression, Poverty.
14. தமிழ் அணி இலக்கண வரலாறு
சீ. சத்தியா / முனைவர் சு. பார்வதி
History of Tamil Ani Grammar
S. Sathiya / Dr. S. Parvathi
Abstract
The existence of numerous grammatical and literary works in Tamil from the pre-historical period is evident from the ancient literary and grammatical texts still in current use. The literary compositions produced in the Tamil language are incalculable in number. In response to this vast corpus, several grammatical treatises emerged that sought to systematise, analyse, and codify the rules governing these literary expressions. A close examination of these grammatical works reveals that Tamil grammar has flourished over time, expanding through the addition of new and distinct branches of inquiry. Among the grammatical works currently available, the Tolkappiyam stands as the most ancient. Although it presents grammar under three principal divisions—ezuttu (orthography), col (morphology and syntax), and porul (content and poetics)—it also serves as the foundational source and the earliest text for all subsequent grammatical divisions that later developed into independent disciplines. Among the fully extant grammatical texts that treat ani (figure of speech) as a distinct chapter, the Tolkappiyam and the Viracoliyam are the earliest. It was the later grammarians who separated ani into an independent discipline and formulated its grammatical rules systematically. The Viracoliyam, which remains in current usage today, stands as the first evidence of Tamil grammar having evolved into a fivefold system, as it devotes a complete chapter exclusively to figurative grammar. Though there is evidence that several works solely dedicated to ani ilakkanam flourished with distinction even prior to the Viracoliyam, these texts are no longer available to us in their complete form. After the Viracoliyam, several works on figurative grammar emerged and thrived, including the Tanti Alankaram, Maran Alankaram, Ilakkana Vilakkam, and Tonnul Vilakkam. Hence, the research study investigates the history of Tamil Ani grammar with its various subdivisions and transformations and presents these findings to the contemporary academic community.
Keywords: Tamil, Ani Grammar, Figures of Speech, Figurative Grammar Development.
15. நற்றிணை குறிஞ்சித்திணையில் பூக்கள்
முனைவர் கு. ர. சரளா
Flowers in Natrinai Kurinchithinai
Dr. K. R. Sarala
Abstract
In the life of people during the Sangam period, they were divided into two groups, Akam and Puram. The Sangam literatures such as Etutyam and Patupat are meant to explain various aspects of politics, society, economy etc. In Sangha literature, they are classified as Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal, Balai in the context of the theory. Tolkappiyam is the traditional grammar in Tamil. Atholkapiyam says that the predicate, theme, and epithet are the senses of the epithets. Kurinji for hill and hilly place, sea and sea place for Neital, field and field place for Marutham, forest and forest place for Mullai. Kurinji and Mulla system is twisted and called Balai. The natural products of these lands, diets, trees, plants, and vines have been classified as primary and thematic. Morals of love are adjectives. The five disciplines are common to each of the lands, such as Purnathal. The first is land and time. Themes are woven into human life, with natural environments as the backdrop. Of the eight texts, five treatise on love and two treatise on war. Another book is about love and war. In the book that talks about memorization, there are five names: Narinai, Kurundogai, Five hundred, Kalidiya, Agananuru. Looking at each of the literary songs in the Naritaina Kurinjithinai, it can be seen that the nature legends and natural interests studied in Abpadal are predominant. The life and thoughts of the people can be seen reflected in a small part of the dominant natural element. Land is the source of people's life in harmony with nature. The reason was that they had defined time as small time and big time. Predicting the season like fall season, pre-snow season and the life of the people is identified with the source of tree, plant and vine growth. In this article on Flowers in Naritaina Kurinchithinai.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Flowers, Natrinai, Kurinchithinai.
16. குறுந்தொகை குறிஞ்சித் திணைப் பாடல்களில் புலப்படும் உவமை நயம்
முனைவர் இரா. சித்திரவேலு
Simile and Aesthetic Sensibility in the Kurinji Poems of the Kuṟuntokai
Dr. R. Chitravelu
Abstract
A simile is a linguistic device inherently understood and recognised by all human beings. It is for this reason that similes are employed not only in poetry but also in prose and everyday speech. This usage may be attributed to two principal reasons. In prose and conversational discourse, the simile serves to facilitate the clear comprehension of the listener of the speaker's intended meaning. This study elucidates unfamiliar images through familiar images and renders clear communication more effective and accessible to all. Secondly, similes are also deployed for aesthetic purposes. They are used to enhance the beauty and lyrical quality of poetic expression. E.g. the illustration "the tiger resembles a cat" exemplifies how a well-known creature is used to describe the appearance of a less familiar one to get clarity through comparative reference. This study examines the figurative language in the similes found in the poems of Kurinji land by the Kuruntokai in the Sangam literary corpus. These poems draw upon a rich array of natural imagery, such as green landscapes, romantic emotions, flowers, animals, birds, and water, to create a poetic effect through similes. The objective of the study is to analyse the various classifications of similes present in these Kurinji poems. It also evinces literary applications and the poetic intentions that the ancient poets sought to achieve through their employment of similes in their poems. Thus, this article demonstrates that similes are ornamental figures of speech and serve as reflections of the experiences of the people, their ecological sensibilities and the intellectual life of the Sangam people.
Keywords: Simile, Aesthetic Sensibility, Kurinji Poems, Kuṟuntokai.
17. குறுந் தொகையில் உரிப்பொருள் கட்டமைப்பு
மா. சீத்தாராமன் / முனைவர் சா. சுஜாதா
The Structure of Uripporul in Kuruntokai
M. Seetharaman / Dr. S. Sujatha
Abstract
This paper examines the structural modalities of uripporul as manifested in the poems of Kuruntokai. It is an anthology of classical Tamil love lyrics. The framework of Cankam akam poetry comprises mutal (objective setting), karu (imagery and motif) and uripporul (subjective emotion), which emerge as the vital principles that animate poetic composition. They assume a primary role in articulating the successive phases of love-consciousness. The study delineates that uripporul is systematically configured across the five tinai landscapes such as kurinci, mullai, marutam, neytal and palai into five distinct affective states, namely, union (punartal), separation (pirital), patient waiting (irutal), sulking (utal), and lamentation (irankal). The theoretical insights of Tolkappiyam's meyppattiyal (grammar of emotional expression), Aristotle's Poetics, Coleridge's theory of imagination, Saussurean structuralism, and Roman Jakobson's linguistic functions are used in the paper for a critical analysis of the literary form and linguistic structure of the Kuruntokai poems. So, the central objective of this study is to investigate how uripporul undergoes differentiated articulation upon the status of the speaker and addressee (kuruvor-ketpor). Within the domain of clandestine love (kalavolukkam) as depicted in Kuruntokai, the study examines the ancient conventions that govern the initial encounter between the hero and the heroine, the confidante's act of deterring the hero from seeking formal marriage and the nocturnal tryst (iravukkuri) as narrative devices through which the ethical and emotional complexities of ancient Tamil domestic life are rendered manifest. Hence, the paper concludes that the structural configurations of uripporul vary with the respective tinai, while being modulated by the gender, social position and temporal framework of the speaking voices.
Keywords: Kurunthogai, Uripporul, Language Structure, Green Tribunal.
18. ஆரூரர் தன்னனுபவத்தின்வழி இறை நிரூபணம்
திருமதி து. சுபஸ்ரீ / முனைவர் இரா. மணிமேகலை
Arurar's Witness of God through Personal Experience
Mrs. D. Subashree / Dr. R. Manimegalai
Abstract
Nambiyarurar is traditionally known as Vanthondar and Sundarar and he occupies a distinguished position as one of the three principal Tevaram saints of the Tamil Saiva Bhakti tradition. According to the Periyapuranam, his spiritual journey began when Lord Siva claimed him as His devotee at Thiruvennainallur by producing an ancient palm-leaf deed. This phenomenon in his life transformed his life into divine service. Thereafter, Nambiyarurar undertook pilgrimages to numerous sacred Saiva shrines and composed sacred Pathigams that express his intimate relationship with the Divine. Unlike philosophical expositions, his hymns are rooted in live spiritual experience by portraying the Lord as a compassionate companion, master, benefactor and protector who intervenes in every part of human life. His devotional poetry records divine grace as an active and personal reality rather than a mere theological concept. Hence, this study argues that Nambiyarurar's Tevaram establishes, through experiential testimony, the Divine as a loving, benevolent presence that continually nurtures and guides all living beings.
Keywords: Arurar, Lord, Thevaram, Personal, Spiritual Experience.
19. சு. காந்திதுரையின் சிறுகதைகள் காட்டும் பெண்ணிய சிந்தனைகள்
மு. சுமதி / முனைவர் மு. கலாமாரி
Feminist Thoughts Shown in the Short Stories of Su. Gandhidurai
M. Sumathi / Dr. M. Kalamari
Abstract
This paper examines the structural modalities of uripporul as manifested in the poems of Kuruntokai. It is an anthology of classical Tamil love lyrics. The framework of Cankam akam poetry comprises mutal (objective setting), karu (imagery and motif) and uripporul (subjective emotion), which emerge as the vital principles that animate poetic composition. They assume a primary role in articulating the successive phases of love-consciousness. The study delineates that uripporul is systematically configured across the five tinai landscapes such as kurinci, mullai, marutam, neytal and palai into five distinct affective states, namely, union (punartal), separation (pirital), patient waiting (irutal), sulking (utal), and lamentation (irankal). The theoretical insights of Tolkappiyam's meyppattiyal (grammar of emotional expression), Aristotle's Poetics, Coleridge's theory of imagination, Saussurean structuralism, and Roman Jakobson's linguistic functions are used in the paper for a critical analysis of the literary form and linguistic structure of the Kuruntokai poems. So, the central objective of this study is to investigate how uripporul undergoes differentiated articulation upon the status of the speaker and addressee (kuruvor-ketpor). Within the domain of clandestine love (kalavolukkam) as depicted in Kuruntokai, the study examines the ancient conventions that govern the initial encounter between the hero and the heroine, the confidante's act of deterring the hero from seeking formal marriage and the nocturnal tryst (iravukkuri) as narrative devices through which the ethical and emotional complexities of ancient Tamil domestic life are rendered manifest. Hence, the paper concludes that the structural configurations of uripporul vary with the respective tinai, while being modulated by the gender, social position and temporal framework of the speaking voices.
Keywords: Su. Gandhithurai, Short Stories, Feminism, Women in the Family.
20. எஸ். இராமகிருஷ்ணனின் சிறுகதைகளில் பெண்ணியச் சிந்தனைகள்
ரா. சுமித்ரா / முனைவர் அ. வளர்மதி
Feminist Perspectives in the Short Stories of S. Ramakrishnan
R. Sumithra / Dr. A. Valarmathi
Abstract
The writer S. Ramakrishnan addresses women's rights, freedom, and equality across various contexts in his short stories. Notably, a society that elevates the dignity of women is deemed truly progressive. In the contemporary era driven by technological advancements, women are advancing dynamically in diverse fields, standing on equal footing with—and at times, surpassing—men. Feminism, fundamentally, ought to bring transformative shifts and empowerment to women's lives. Changes in human life, inherently tied to the earth, evolve continuously over time. Consequently, various intellectual movements have emerged to reshape human thought, among which 'Feminism' is globally the most prominent today. Although a woman is often portrayed with a multifaceted identity, society is frequently hesitant to completely embrace it. Despite the stance that 'women are equal to men,' women continue to be marginalized and pushed backward in certain realms. This research paper thus aims to investigate the potent capabilities and inherent strength of women through a critical analysis of S. Ramakrishnan's short stories.
Keywords: Identity, Plight, Women, Social Perspective, S. Ramakrishnan, Short Stories.
21. திருக்குறளில் கடல்: காட்சியும் கருத்தும்
முனைவர் அ. சேவியர் ஜான்
The Sea in Thirukkural: Vision and Concept
Dr. A. Xavier John
Abstract
Thiruvalluvar demonstrates an understanding of the natural environment that encompasses land, soil, water, mountains, forests, rivers and the sea. These components of nature are employed as meaningful metaphors that illuminate ethical principles, human behaviour, governance, and social relationships rather than functioning as mere descriptive elements throughout the didactic treatise Thirukkural. His intellectual knowledge of ecological processes reflects careful observation of the physical world and reveals an integrated vision in which nature and human life are inseparable. This study is based on the hypothesis that Thiruvalluvar's ecological awareness enriches both the visual imagery and the narrative structure of the couplets of Thirukkural. By examining the use of natural landscapes and environmental phenomena by the poet, the article argues that his eco-centric knowledge strengthens the interpretative depth of the couplets and makes abstract moral concepts more vivid and accessible. It highlights the environmental consciousness found within classical Tamil literary thought.
Keywords: Tirukkural, Thiruvalluvar, Sea, Ocean, Birth, Moral Life.
22. பதினெண்கீழ்க்கணக்கு நூல்களில் வாழ்வியல் அறங்கள்
முனைவர் ச. திவ்யபாரதி
Life Virtues in Pathinenkeelkanakku Texts
Dr. C. Divyabharathi
Abstract
Tamil literature spans a vast expanse from the Sangam period to the modern era. These works depict both the inner and outer lives of people, with a focus on marriage in the Sangam period. The Sangam literature illustrates all aspects of life, such as the economy, war, governance, food, and customs. Among these, the Pathinenkeelkanakku texts especially convey ideas that are essential for human life. The Pathinenkeelkanakku texts were composed to teach moral conduct during a period when people deviated from their ethical ways and acted improperly. During this "dark age," when people turned away from moral discipline, didactic texts emerged to oppose evil practices, such as drinking liquor and eating meat, and to guide both the people and the kings onto the righteous path. This kind of Dark Age led to the emergence of didactic texts. In the Dark Age, people's golden way of life changed, and the influence of Jainism and Buddhism grew. In this situation, Buddhists created didactic texts to teach moral principles. This period itself is called the "Golden Age." Hence, this article conves the moral ideas needed for society through this literature.
Keywords: Tamil Literature, Pathinenkeelkanakku, Life, Virtues.
23. கலாச்சாரப் பழக்க வழக்கங்களும் பெண்ணுரிமை மீறல்களும்
பா. திவ்யபாரதி / முனைவர் மா. மீனாட்சி சுந்தரம்
Cultural Practices and Violations of Women's Rights
P. Divya Bharathi / Dr. M. Meenakshi Sundaram
Abstract
Culture and tradition not only shape a society's identity but are also deeply intertwined with the livelihoods of its members. These cultural beliefs are not uniformly applied to both men and women within the community; rather, they impose certain cultural restrictions on men and distinct sets of constraints on women. Among these, women are disproportionately affected compared to men. Superstitious cultural practices are so deeply embedded in women's lives that they often compel women to forget themselves. Although this situation has undergone a partial transformation in recent times, women across all strata of society have not yet secured their full rights. In particular, rural women and those belonging to the lower socioeconomic classes continue to be deprived of even basic freedoms. Only when women gain access to freedom and education on par with men can complete women's empowerment be achieved. This article aims to examine the violations of women's rights arising from various cultural factors, including dowry, gender discrimination, educational disparities, domestic burdens, childbearing, and forced marriage.
Keywords: Culture, Tradition, Education, Freedom, Women's Rights.
24. சு.வெங்கடேசனின் 'கதைகளின் கதை' புலப்படுத்தும் வரலாற்று உண்மைகள்
இரா. நிவேதா / முனைவர் கு. ர. சரளா
Historical Verities as Portrayed in Su. Venkatesan's Kathaigalín Kathai
R. Nivedha / Dr. K. R. Sarala
Abstract
The short story is a modern Tamil literary genre. The short story has a special place in the world of literature. Each short story tells life's story from a different angle. SinceSince the first short story was published in Tamil, it has held a unique place in the world of literature. A short story is a work of simplicity, which is its strength. It has five elements: development, problem, climax, and conclusion. Writers have created various impressions through stories, such as anger, pleasure, suffering, social outlook, family life, and historical themes. In this way, Mr Su Venkatesan's short story collection 'Kathiyal Kathi', written to convey historical memories, is intended to make today's readers aware of hidden historical truths. However, because it is a collection of short stories in a different form and an expression of embedded historical messages, this collection deserves special consideration. In this article, these short stories elicit the historical truths that are forgotten and hidden among people.
Keywords: Valari, History, Pennycuick, Nallathangal, Perungamanallur Rebellion, Keezhadi, Politics, History.
25. கற்பினுக்கு அணி - சீதை
முனைவர் அ. பரணி ராணி
The Epitome of Chastity - Sita
Dr. A. Paranirani
Abstract
In the Tamil context, it was the Jains and Buddhists who promoted chastity as a high value. In their epics, they defined chastity as a kind of fasting and penance for women. The concepts of chastity have been continuously presented and refuted as being centered on women. Sita's high chastity became known to the world through the immoral conduct of Ravana. Sita answered the question of whether chastity can be maintained under any circumstances with a 'yes'. The penance of Sita shows that the mental penance undertaken by women saints is better than the severe penance undertaken by sages. Sitais a devotee of penance and is a match for her chastity. Even God is afraid of approaching a chaste woman and is tempted by God. It can be seen from Sita's chastity that she is a chaste woman. The actions of Sita shows that she is the goddess of chastity and it can be seen in the fact that chaste women are supported by their own virtue. Kamban has depicted Sita facing the hardships she faced with determination and becoming the archetypal model of chastity and a role model for chastity.
Keywords: Nobility, Mental Fortitude, Virtue, Speech, Chastity, Divine Chastity.
26. தமிழரின் விருந்தோம்பல் பண்பும் காரைக்காலம்மையார் கால மரபு மீட்டுருவாக்கமும்
சா. பாரதி / முனைவர் ச. இரவி
The Hospitality of the Tamil People and the Revivalism of the legacy of Karaikal Ammaiyar
S. Barathe / Dr. S. Ravi
Abstract
In ‘Tolkappiyam’, hospitality is highlighted as one of the noble qualities of domestic life and it is symbolized by a smiling face while welcoming the guests. The welcome of guests with love and serving them with joy was considered a key virtue of the household head in Sangam times. This quality of hospitality is reflected in Sangam literature in various works. In Sangam works, there are instances where the lady of the house served guests alone in the absence of the head of the household, as well as instances where both the husband and wife together served guests with delight. However, in the ‘Silappathikaram,’ serving guests without the head of the household is described as unusual and contrary to Tamil tradition. This indicates that in the social structure of that time, the presence of the household head was considered essential for proper hospitality to the guests. In contrast, during the period of Karaikkal Ammaiyar, the tradition of hospitality underwent a revival and the authority of the lady of the house to serve guests independently without the head has been established as a customary practice. The aim of this article is to highlight this transformation as per the evidences from the primary sources.
Keywords: Hospitality, Karaikal Ammaiyar, Dignity, Traditional Practice, Revival.
27. சங்க இலக்கியங்களில் நிகழ்த்து கலைஞர்களின் வளர்நிலையும் வறுமையும்
ப. பானுச்சந்தர் / முனைவர் ஜா. இராஜா
The Development and Poverty of Performing Artists in Sangam Literature
P. Banuchandar / Dr. J. Raja
Abstract
The Sangam literary period was a great period when art developed along with the people. Literature and the messages conveyed in literature displayed art along with it and made it flourish over Tamil lands. They divided the life of the ancient Tamils into internal and external and displayed these two stages in their works. They have recorded the arts and the lives of the artists who performed them in their songs. Among the performing artists (Nigalthu Kalaingar) of the Sangam period, both men and women developed the arts together. The Sangam literary songs tell us that there were various types of performing artists such as Koothars, Panars, Viraliyars, and Patiniyars. Although the arts were highly praised during the Sangam period, the social lives of the artists were divided into two main stages such as poverty and prosperity. It is clear that the Sangam literary songs praise and respect the arts and hold the artists in a high position. Thus, the poets have revealed through their songs that poverty afflicted them even though they were highly respected in society. Hence, the purpose of this study is to compare the lives of artists who were respected in society during their development and at the times of poverty.
Keywords: Development, Poverty, Performing Artist, Sangam Literature.
28. குன்னிமுத்து நாவலில் பெண் ஒடுக்குதல்
செ. ம. புளோரா / முனைவர் எ. ஜாஸ்மின் விஜி
Oppression of Women in the Novel Kunnimuthu
C. M. Flora / Dr. E. Jasmin Viji
Abstract
Novels serve as an exceptional literary form in the creative world by reflecting all life events, problems prevalent within a specific society, and the challenges and values encountered in daily life. In this context, the Tamil literary sphere encompasses novels that document the injustices faced by women. Female oppression is a historical atrocity inflicted upon women that persists to this day. In particular, the restrictions and forms of marginalization imposed by society and the family on a childless woman are immense. One of the primary social statuses accorded to a woman after marriage is motherhood. Tamil literature portrays the sufferings of women in a clear-cut manner in many of the modern Tamil novels. One such novel is "Kunnimuthu". This novel portrays the pathetic state of women by the cultural norms and taboos in the case of infertility. so, this article analyzes and highlights how a woman deprived of motherhood is subjected to oppression within the family in the novel "Kunnimuthu" and explores the specific perspective through which society views her.
Keywords: Oppression, Chettinad, Motherhood, Mockery, Resilience, Feminism.
29. இல்வாழ்விற்கான அன்பின் பண்புகளை ஒப்பிட்டுக் காட்டும் குறுந்தொகையும் சிலப்பதிகாரமும்
முனைவர் மெ. பேபிநிஷாந்தினி
A Comparison of the Qualities of Love in Life as in Kurunthogai and Silappathikaram
Dr. M. Babynishanthini
Abstract
Kurunthogai and Silappathikaram portray the qualities of love that serve as the album of domestic life in the Tamil life and culture. This research paper compares the domestic life and the depth of love portrayed in these two works Kurunthogai and Silappathikaram and examines their underlying psychological concepts. In Kurunthogai, the utterances of the hero, (Thalaivan) the heroine (Thalaivi), and the confidante (maid) serve as expressions of love, capturing subtle psychological elements such as lovers' quarrel, moments of union, and the anguish of separation. Silappathikaram portrays a family structure characterized by virtues such as patience, endurance, and a spirit of compromise and the qualities that transcend mere individual affection. Kannagi’s patient love has been demonstrated when she accepted her husband back after his misbehavior with madhavi, gave him her anklet, and upheld the virtues of domestic life. It portrays the purity of her chastity. In both these works, the mutual trust between the hero and heroine lead a harmonious domestic life and the anguish experienced during separation are portrayed as the primary attributes of love. One can observe how the pure, interior love of the Kurunthogai heroine evolves into a narrative framework in Silappathikaram that upholds the ethical path of protecting both family and country. Comparative studies reveal that while the expression of love evolves with the changing times, love itself and remains the hallmark of Tamil domestic life still unchanged. Hence, this article highlights that the pure love depicted in these two literary works that serves as a noble guide for the harmonious domestic lives for the people today amidst crisis.
Keywords: Love, Virtue, Chastity, Domestic Life, Separation, Lovers, Union.
30. ஹைக்கூ கவிதைகளில் இயற்கையும் வாழ்வியலும்
முனைவர் வே. மணிகண்டன்
Nature and Life in Haiku Poetry
Dr. V. Manikandan
Abstract
Nature and human life are intertwined. In the modern mechanical environment, the existing trend of human alienation from nature is reflected in contemporary Tamil Haiku poems. Using contemporary Haiku collections as primary sources, this research paper examines how nature is harmoniously and realistically portrayed in connection with human existence. It articulates how contemporary Tamil Haiku deviates from the traditional Japanese aesthetic framework by transforming into a potent literary tool that addresses multidimensional social realities. The study investigates various thematic dimensions, including the continuous ethics of hope taught by nature, the psychological agony of elderly loneliness, the hidden struggles of the working class behind scenic landscapes, and the stark realities of poverty. Besides, it highlights ecological destruction, the humbling of human ego by nature's immense power, nature's unbiased compassion towards marginalized lives, the lessons of perseverance, and the language of silence that leads to profound inner peace. At last, this study establishes that modern Tamil Haikus prioritize values related to ecological ethics and biocentrism and serve as a philosophical guide to lead humanity back to a life of harmony with nature.
Keywords: Haiku, Life, Nature, Eco Ethics, Social Realities, Tamil Literature.
31. சங்க கால பொருளாதாரத்தில் கால்நடைகளின் பங்கு
தெ. முத்து லெட்சுமி / முனைவர் C. ஜெஸிறோஸ்
Role of Domestic Animals in the Sangam Economy
T. Muthu Lakshmi / Dr. C. Jessy Rose
Abstract
In the five landscapes (Ainthinai) described in Sangam literature, livestock served as the lifeblood of the Mullai (forest) and Marutham (agricultural) regions. In the internal and external lives of ancient Tamils, the word 'Maadu' was used as a synonym for 'Wealth,' which portrays to their livestock-dependent economy. In an era where the circulation of coins was not widespread, cattle acted as the primary unit of the barter system. The instances of cowherd women (Aychiyar) exchanging curd and ghee for grains highlight that dairy products and were highly valued commercial commodities on that times. In agriculture, the labor of bullocks and buffaloes was essential. Their contribution to arduous tasks, such as plowing the land and threshing grains after harvest, boosted agricultural production and created a food surplus. Moreover, in the salt trade conducted by the Umanars and in long-distance land transportation, bullock carts played a pivotal role. In terms of national security and politics, cattle raiding (lifting livestock from an enemy nation) were considered a form of economic warfare, intended to demolish the economic foundation of the opposing kingdom. Hence, this article aims to explore how livestock in the Sangam era were not mere food or objects of worship but functioned as capital assets that determined a nation's overall economy. Additionally, the paper examines the relevance and necessity of domestic animals in the present day.
Keywords: Sangam Times, Livestock, Wealth, Ethnic Groups, Food Production, Economy.
32. தலையாலங்கானத்துச் செருவென்ற பாண்டியன் நெடுஞ்செழியனின் அறம் நிறைந்த ஆட்சியும் தலையாலங்கானத்து போரும்
மு. யுவராஜ் / முனைவர் ஏ. வீரப்பன்
The Virtuous Reign of Thalayalankanam Victor Pandian Nedunchezhiyan and the war of Thalayalankanam
M. Yuvaraj / Dr. E. Veerappan
Abstract
Tamilakam during the Sangam Age was renowned as a land of valour, rich cultural heritage and distinguished political traditions. The Tamil people are celebrated in the classical Sangam literature as an ancient race that emerged with the sword even before the stone and the soil came into being. They were known for their courage, wisdom and noble way of life. During this period, the Triumvirs such as the Cheras, Cholas and Pandians ruled Tamilakam along with several chieftains who governed their respective territories under these powerful dynasties. Among the three royal dynasties, the Pandians ruled the southern part of Tamilakam with Madurai as their capital. Sangam literature portrays the rulers of this period as patrons of justice, culture and military excellence. Bravery was regarded as one of a king's highest virtues, and people of the Sangam Age considered heroic death on the battlefield the greatest honour for the Pandian rulers in particular. Hence, the article studies on the glorious reign of the victor king Pandian Nedunchezhiyan who won the wrath of the enemies at Thalayalankanam.
Keywords: Sangam Literature, Purananooru, War, Thalayalankanam, Pandian Nedunchezhian.
33. பாரதியின் பெண்ணியச் சிந்தனைகள்
செ. ரேணுகா / முனைவர் ப. செந்தில்குமாரி
Bharati's Feminist Thoughts
S. Renuka / Dr. P. Senthilkumari
Abstract
The crisis that touches humanity's conscience did not escape the keen eyes of Subramania Bharati. Bharati was disturbed by the poverty and humiliation suffered by the people of India and he erupted anguish through the words, “My heart cannot bear this.” His concern for the suffering of ordinary people reflects his commitment to social justice and dignity. Bharati’s understanding of freedom was also closely connected with the freedom and well-being of every individual. In one of his essays, he refers to the English philosopher Herbert Spencer’s idea that freedom means allowing every person to do what they wish but their actions do not cause any harm to others. Bharati did not support the use of weapons or violence as a means of confronting social and political oppression but he emphasized Sathvika Ethirppu, or peaceful resistance, through which people could change by appealing to the conscience and reason of their opponents. His approach reveals his belief in moral courage, peaceful action, and social responsibility. Hence, Bharati gave particular importance to the liberation of women. He strongly opposed the social restrictions imposed on women and argued for their education, independence, dignity, and equal rights. The present research article focuses on Bharati’s ideas on women’s liberation and examines how his progressive vision challenged the traditional attitudes of his time.
Keywords: Women's Slavery, Women's Emancipation, Bharati, Feminist Rights, Women's Education.
34. வானூர் வட்டார பெண் தெய்வ வழிபாட்டில் நம்பிக்கைகளும் நேர்த்திக் கடன்களும்
மு. வள்ளி / முனைவர் பா. குப்புசாமி
Beliefs and Fulfilment of Vows in the Worship of Female Deities in the Vanur Region
M. Valli / Dr. P. Kuppusamy
Abstract
Since the first humans appeared, deities and systems of worship have held an essential place in their lives because of environmental influences. The earliest form of worship in the world is nature worship, from which folk deity worship evolved. Within folk religious practices, the worship of female deities holds a particularly prominent place. This study examines the beliefs and acts of fulfilling vows associated with the worship of female deities in the Vanur region of Villupuram district. The worship practices are connected with the lifestyle, traditions and social beliefs of the rural population of the region. In the Vanur region, communities such as the Vanniyars, Adi Dravidars, and tribal groups residing prdominantly. Because of environmental conditions and life challenges, these communities have a deep faith in deities. In the worship of female deities, several beliefs and practices are observed, such as cradle rituals, naming ceremonies, striking with neem leaves, and applying sacred ash. People seek divine intervention to overcome hardships, illnesses, and family problems. When their wishes—such as marriage, childbirth, and good health—are fulfilled, they offer votive acts including preparing Pongal, performing circumambulation (rolling around the temple), carrying fire pots, body-piercing rituals, spirit possession (trance), fire-walking, offering spears and bells, presenting weighing scales, tying sacred marks, and dedicating agricultural produce. Therefore, these beliefs and fulfilling vows strengthen the spiritual consciousness and social unity of the people. They also reflect the traditional culture and folk religious heritage of rural communities. Hence, the worship of female deities in the Vanur region is an important cultural identity closely connected with the lives of the people.
Keywords: Mother Goddess, Female deities, Beliefs, Rituals, Vow offerings, Vanur Region.
35. கதை கேட்கும் சுவர்கள் புதினத்தில் சமூகக் கட்டமைப்பு
கா. விக்னேஷ் / முனைவர் பெ.சுமதி
Social Structure in the Novel Kathai Ketkum Suvargal
K. Vignesh / Dr. P. Sumathi
Abstract
It is said that family, society, economy, politics, religion, and culture oppress women. The question is why women are prevented from receiving an education, which makes a person a good citizen. Women believe that education will bring about a big change for them. Education has emerged as a powerful tool for women. It is said that if women gain knowledge through education, the family and society that depend on them will be elevated. It is said that many women face problems with forced marriage and the disappointments they face after marriage. It is said that a woman completely buries her dreams and desires in her mind after marriage and lives like a corpse. In the name of self-respect and honour, parents have completely ruined the lives of women in front of this society. The message is also spread that women are sold at a good price in the name of dowry in marriage. It is said that some people in this society always see women as valuable objects. It is a very sad fact that women can never achieve excellence in such a society. The article also mentions the degradation of women's chastity in many ways. This article concludes by stating that despite equal rights for women, they are trapped in many problems and continue to live as enslaved people.
Keywords: Social Structure, Tamil Novel, Women, Kathai Ketkum Suvargal.
36. மதிமுகம் முகம் மதியாக மாறிய திருநங்கைகள்
முனைவர் அ. ஜனார்த்தலி பேகம்
Transformed into Third Gender Neither a Masculine nor a Feminine Transgender
Dr. A. Janarthali Begam
Abstract
With the intent of introducing diversity into His creation, the Divine created a multitude of distinct living beings on Earth ranging from those possessing a single sense to those endowed with six senses as classified by the ancient Tamil grammarian Tolkappiyar. Among humans, along physical variations, the Divine created two distinct genders: male and female. However, due to certain transformations, some individuals shift their gender identity where those born male transition to a female identity, or those born female transition to a male identity. These individuals are referred to as the ‘third gender.’ Although born as Uyarthinai (beings of high rational status), society often relegates them to the status of Ahrinai (beings of non-rational status). Apart from physical differences, their innerselves show no fundamental variation. Yet from the era of Tolkappiyar to the present day, their lives have largely been viewed as objects of amusement or ridicule. Hence, this article examines how Tamil novels portray these third gender individuals and their transformations.
Keywords: Gender, Transgender Women, Transgender Men, Aravanis.
37. செவ்வியல் ஆற்றுப்படை இலக்கியங்கள் நுவலும் விருந்தோம்பலில் அறம்
முனைவர் செ. ஜான்சி
Ethics of Hospitality in Classical Atruppadai Literature
Dr. S. Jancy
Abstract
Tamil sources from the Sangam age to the present day contain numerous references to food in various forms. Many scholars who have explored Tamil culture and identity have praised the Tamils as an ancient people whose civilization developed steadily from the earliest period of their literary tradition. They proudly describe them as a clan that "emerged even before the stone and the soil took shape, bearing the sword as the oldest of all lineages." Culture, in this sense, means refined moral conduct. Hospitality, ideally, is performed by a loving husband and wife together in their home; therefore, householders are considered the most suitable practitioners of this virtue. A life without honoring guests is ultimately a life without purpose. The Atruppadai poems are constructed around this very moral principle. The custom of offering food and shelter to travelers has always been an ancient Tamil practice. The true greatness of a place becomes evident through the way it welcomes its visitors. In these poems, the kings and chieftains who are celebrated as subjects excel in their hospitality. When bards, musicians, and dancers arrive at their courts, these generous patrons provide them with food, clothing, lodging, and gold, and they find genuine happiness in doing so. After hearing about such generosity, other people follow the route described in the poem and travel to that patron's abode. In this manner, the Atruppadai texts clearly illustrate how virtue is upheld through hospitality. These works also convey the idea that honoring a guest is the very essence of life. Thus, hospitality is praised as an exemplary moral act that combines social justice with deep human compassion.
Keywords: Ethics, Hospitality, Classic, Atruppadai Literature.
38. தற்கால ஹைக்கூ கவிதைகளின் செல்நெறி
ச. ஜானகி / முனைவர் வே. மணிகண்டன்
Trends in Contemporary Haiku Poetry
S. Janaki / Dr. V. Manikandan
Abstract
Haiku poetic form was originated in Japan as a medium to revere nature and has undergone a profound metamorphosis within the contemporary Tamil literary medium. It has emerged as a formidable weapon for social critique. This research article explores the multidimensional trajectories and evolving trends of modern Tamil Haiku poetry. The paper investigates the use of contemporary poets on this minimal three-line structure to decode and critique complex social issues. The paper analyzes various thematic dimensions, including trenchant social criticism, the stark and cruel realities of poverty, the agonizing livelihood struggles of marginalized communities, and the adverse cultural impacts of globalization and consumerism. It delves into human psychological complexities such as urban alienation, the isolation of the elderly, feminist perspectives, political satire, and eco-critical awareness. On examining these diverse facets of this poetic type with relevant primary poetic evidences and secondary critical theories, this research establishes that the contemporary trend of Tamil Haiku has transcended its traditional aesthetic boundaries. It proves that the modern Tamil Haiku has evolved from a mere tool of nature appreciation into an incisive, highly effective analytical instrument for reflecting everyday realities, advocating for human values, and awakening the social conscience in the society
Keywords: Contemporary Haiku, Social Criticism, Marginalized Lives, Political Satire, Modern Tamil Poetry.
39. சங்க இலக்கிய இடையர்களும் கள ஆய்வு கீதாரிகளின் தொழில்சார் வாழ்வியலும்
ஜீ. ஜெனித் குமார் / முனைவர் ந. அருள்மொழி
Idaiyars of Sangam Literature and the Occupational Life of Field Keethari Communities
J. Jenith Kumar / Dr. N. Arulmozhi
Abstract
In Tamil Literature, various ethnic and occupational groups have been recorded in Sangam literature. Among these groups, the Idaiyar (herding/pastoral community) occupy a significant place because of their occupation. The Idaiyar's pastoral way of life can be understood through the Mullai landscape, which is primarily associated with pastoral activities. The occupational life of the Sangam-age Idaiyar reveals several important aspects, such as their ability to rear and protect livestock, particularly goats and cattle; the methods they used to train animals for grazing; and how livestock met their food and agricultural needs. Their cultural practices associated with cattle, particularly the use of bulls in Eru Thazhuvuthal (bull-embracing), also reflect the cultural dimensions of their occupational life. This study aims to identify the major aspects of the occupational life of the Idaiyar as represented in Sangam literature and to examine the continuity of these practices through field-based research. Hence, the study adopts a textual and field research approach, analysing references in Sangam literary sources and comparing them with contemporary practices and livelihood patterns observed during the field study.
Keywords: Idaiyar, Sangam Literature, Mullai Land, Livestock Rearing, Occupation, Culture.